Compositions of materials for forming coatings and layered structures including elements for scattering and passing selectively tunable wavelengths of electromagnetic energy

Abstract

A particularly-formed multi-layer micron-sized particle is provided that is substantially transparent, yet that exhibits selectable coloration based on its physical properties. The disclosed physical properties of the particle are controllably selectable refractive indices to provide an opaque-appearing energy transmissive material when pluralities of the particles are suspended in a substantially transparent matrix material. Multiply-layered (up to 30+ constituent layers) particles result in an overall particle diameter of less than 5 microns. The material suspensions render the particles deliverable as aspirated or aerosol compositions onto substrates to form layers that selectively scatter specific wavelengths of electromagnetic energy while allowing remaining wavelengths of the incident energy to pass. The disclosed particles and material compositions uniquely implement optical light scattering techniques in energy (or light) transmissive layers that appear selectively opaque, while allowing 80+% of the energy impinging on the light incident side to pass through the layers.

We claim: 
     
       1. A multi-layered transparent particle, comprising:
 a spherical core comprised of a first transparent dielectric material, the spherical core having a value of a physical diameter equal to a half wavelength of a first selected color of light component to be reflected by the particle modified by a refractive index of the first transparent dielectric material; 
 a plurality of material layers disposed radially outwardly from the spherical core, each of the plurality of material layers being comprised of at least a second transparent dielectric material, and having a value of a physical thickness equal to a quarter wavelength of at least a second selected color of light component to be reflected by the particle modified by a refractive index of the at least the second transparent dielectric material; and 
 an outer coating comprised of another transparent dielectric material having a selected index of refraction of 2 or less, the outer coating having a thickness that substantially eliminates reflective interference between the colors reflected by adjacent particles when in contact with one another. 
 
     
     
       2. The particle of  claim 1 , the plurality of material layers being disposed on the spherical core in a layer-by-layer deposition process. 
     
     
       3. The particle of  claim 2 , the layer-by-layer deposition process comprising an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. 
     
     
       4. The particle of  claim 1 , the first selected color of light component being a substantially same color as the second selected color of light component. 
     
     
       5. The particle of  claim 1 , the first selected color of light component being a different color than the second selected color of light component. 
     
     
       6. The particle of  claim 1 , the first transparent dielectric material being a same dielectric material as one of the at least the second transparent dielectric material. 
     
     
       7. The particle of  claim 1 , the at least the second transparent dielectric material having an optical band gap greater than a photon energy of the at least the second selected color of light component. 
     
     
       8. The particle of  claim 1 , the at least the second transparent dielectric material comprising a first transparent layer dielectric material and a second transparent layer dielectric material,
 adjacent layers of the plurality of material layers being formed alternatively of the first transparent layer dielectric material and the second transparent dielectric material. 
 
     
     
       9. The particle of  claim 1 , the plurality of material layers comprising at least 15 material layers. 
     
     
       10. The particle of  claim 1 , the plurality of material layers comprising at least 30 material layers. 
     
     
       11. The particle of  claim 1 , the particle having an overall particle size of less than 5 microns. 
     
     
       12. The particle of  claim 1 , the particle having an overall particle size in a range of 1.9 to 2.6 microns. 
     
     
       13. The particle of  claim 1 , the first transparent dielectric material and the at least the second transparent dielectric material being selected from a group consisting of titanium dioxide, silicon carbide, sulfur, boron nitride, boron arsenite, aluminum nitride, aluminum phosphide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, zinc telluride, cuprous chloride, tin dioxide, barium titanate, strontium titanate, lithium niobate, and nickel oxide. 
     
     
       14. The particle of  claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of metallic material layers sandwiched between at least some adjacent pairs of material layers. 
     
     
       15. The particle of  claim 14 , each of the plurality of metallic material layers being between 0.01 nm and 10 nm thick. 
     
     
       16. The particle of  claim 15 , at least one of the plurality of metallic material layers being formed of indium titanium oxide (ITO). 
     
     
       17. A material composition, comprising:
 a substantially transparent liquid binder material; and 
 a plurality of particles suspended in the liquid binder material, each of the plurality of particles comprising:
 a spherical core comprised of a first transparent dielectric material, the spherical core having a value of a physical diameter equal to a half wavelength of a first selected color of light component to be reflected by the particle modified by a refractive index of the first transparent dielectric material; 
 a plurality of material layers disposed radially outwardly from the spherical core, each of the plurality of material layers being comprised of at least a second transparent dielectric material, and having a value of a physical thickness equal to a quarter wavelength of at least a second selected color of light component to be reflected by the particle modified by a refractive index of the at least the second transparent dielectric material; and 
 an outer coating comprised of another transparent dielectric material having a selected index of refraction of 2 or less, the outer coating having a thickness that substantially eliminates reflective interference between the colors reflected by adjacent particles when in contact with one another. 
 
 
     
     
       18. The material composition of  claim 17 , an index of refraction of the substantially transparent liquid binder material being equal to the selected index of refraction of the outer coating. 
     
     
       19. The material composition of  claim 17 , the substantially transparent liquid binder material being selected from a group consisting of synthetic or natural resins, alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy, and silanes or siloxanes. 
     
     
       20. The material composition of  claim 17 , the substantially transparent liquid binder material comprising an adhesive that facilitates adherence of the material composition to a surface.