Modified surfaces

Abstract

Provided herein are methods and compositions for coating surfaces with polymers. The methods and compositions are suited for conducting biological reactions.

What is claimed is: 
     
       1. A method for performing an enzymatic reaction, comprising:
 (a) providing a substrate comprising surface-bonded initiator species comprising a silane; 
 (b) conducting surface initiated polymerization of a mixture of (i) first monomers comprising acrylamide and/or ethoxylated acrylamide, each of which has no biomolecule attached to, and (ii) second monomers comprising acrydite, each of which has a biomolecule attached to, wherein said surface initiated polymerization starting from said initiator species, and coupling a plurality of said biomolecules to a polymer brush coating during said surface initiated polymerization, thereby producing said polymer brush coating with said plurality of said biomolecules coupled to said polymer brush coating; and 
 (c) performing one or more enzymatic reactions with said biomolecules on said substrate; wherein the biomolecules are selected from the group consisting of: oligonucleotides and polynucleotides, wherein the one enzymatic reaction is selected from the group consisting of: polymerase chain reaction, sequencing reaction, sequencing by synthesis reaction, ligation reaction, extension reaction, and transcription reaction. 
 
     
     
       2. The method of  claim 1 , further comprising applying heat to said substrate. 
     
     
       3. The method of  claim 1 , wherein said polymer brush coating coupled with said plurality of biomolecules exhibits robustness wherein at least 90% of said biomolecules are retained on said surface after 40 cycles of sequencing by synthesis reactions. 
     
     
       4. The method of  claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises at least 1,000,000 different types of biomolecules, and wherein each biomolecule is an oligonucleotide. 
     
     
       5. The method of  claim 4 , wherein said enzymatic reaction is an extension reaction. 
     
     
       6. A method for making a modified surface, comprising:
 (a) providing a surface; 
 (b) covalently bonding initiator species to said surface, wherein said initiator species comprises a silane; and 
 (c) conducting surface initiated polymerization of a mixture of (i) first monomers comprising acrylamide and/or ethoxylated acrylamide, each of which has no biomolecule attached to, and (ii) second monomers comprising acrydite, each of which has a biomolecule attached, wherein said surface initiated polymerization starting polymer from said initiator species, thereby producing a polymer brush coating comprising a plurality of polymer chains, each of which has said biomolecule attached. 
 
     
     
       7. The method of  claim 6 , wherein said initiator species comprises the molecule shown below: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
     
     
       8. The method of  claim 6 , wherein said second monomers are 5′ acrydite modified oligonucleotides. 
     
     
       9. The method of  claim 1 , wherein said polymer brush coating coupled with said plurality of biomolecules exhibits robustness in said polymerase chain reactions and wherein said polymerase chain reactions comprise the following reaction conditions:
 (a) a denaturation step at a temperature of at least 85° C. for at least 15 seconds; 
 (b) an annealing step at a temperature of at least 50° C. for at least 15 seconds; and 
 (c) an extension step at a temperature of at least 70° C. for at least 30 seconds. 
 
     
     
       10. The method of  claim 1 , wherein said first monomers comprise acrylamide. 
     
     
       11. The method of  claim 10 , wherein said first monomers further comprise N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide. 
     
     
       12. The method of  claim 1 , wherein said surface-bonded initiator species comprises 2-bromo-2-methyl-N,N-bis-(3-trimethoxysilanylpropyl)propionamide. 
     
     
       13. The method of  claim 1 , wherein said surface initiated polymerization comprises atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). 
     
     
       14. The method of  claim 1 , wherein said second monomers are 5′ acrydite modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides. 
     
     
       15. The method of  claim 1 , wherein said first monomers comprise ethoxylated acrylamide. 
     
     
       16. The method of  claim 6 , wherein said first monomers comprise ethoxylated acrylamide. 
     
     
       17. The method of  claim 1 , wherein robustness of said polymer brush coating coupled with said plurality of biomolecules is exhibited in said polymerase chain reaction: at least 90% of said biomolecules are retained on said surface after 25 cycles of said polymerase chain reactions.