Bicyclic inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3

Abstract

New bicyclic based compounds, compositions and methods of inhibiting the activity of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3) in vitro and of treatment of GSK3 mediated disorders in vivo are provided. The methods, compounds and compositions of the invention may be employed alone, or in combination with other pharmacologically active agents in the treatment of disorders mediated by GSK3 activity, such as in the treatment of diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, essential hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, syndrome X, ischemia, traumatic brain injury, bipolar disorder, immunodeficiency or cancer.

That which is claimed is:  
     
         1 . A compound having the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein: 
 W and Z are optionally substituted carbon, nitrogen or sulfur;  
 X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and optionally substituted carbon;  
 n is 0, 1 or 2;  
 A 1  and A 2  are optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, arylamino or heteroaryl;  
 R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, and optionally substituted loweralkyl, cycloloweralkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, loweralkoxy, amino, alkylamino, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroaralkylcarbonyl, aryl and heteroaryl;  
 R′ 1 , R′ 2 , R′ 3  and R′ 4  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and optionally substituted loweralkyl;  
 R 5 , R 6  R 7  and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, carboxyl, nitro, amino, amido, amidino, imido, cyano, and substituted or unsubstituted loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteraralkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, arylaminocarbonyloxy, formyl, loweralkylcarbonyl, loweralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminoaryl, alkylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, aminoalkoxy, alkylamino, arylamino, aralkylamino, heteroarylamino, heteroaralkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonylamino, arylaminocarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, amidino, cycloalkyl, cycloamido, cyclothioamido, cycloamidino, heterocycloamidino, cycloimido, heterocycloimido, guanidinyl, aryl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heterobiaryl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, arylsulfonyl and arylsulfonamido;  
 and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.  
 
     
     
         2 . A compound of  claim 1  wherein at least one of X and Y is nitrogen.  
     
     
         3 . A compound of  claim 2  wherein one of X and Y is nitrogen and the other of X and Y is optionally substituted carbon.  
     
     
         4 . A compound of  claim 2  wherein one of X and Y is nitrogen and the other of X and Y is oxygen.  
     
     
         5 . A compound of  claim 2 , wherein both X and Y are nitrogen.  
     
     
         6 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is an aromatic ring having from 3 to 10 carbon ring atoms and optionally 1 or more ring heteroatoms.  
     
     
         7 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is optionally substituted carbocyclic aryl, arylamino or aryloxy.  
     
     
         8 . A compound of  claim 6 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is optionally substituted heteroaryl.  
     
     
         9 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenylamino and phenyloxy.  
     
     
         10 . A compound of  claim 6 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, naphthyl, benzothiazolyl, benzopyridyl, and benzimidazolyl.  
     
     
         11 . A compound of  claim 6 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is substituted with at least one and not more than 3 substitution groups.  
     
     
         12 . A compound of  claim 11 , wherein said substitution groups are independently selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino, cyano, halo, thioamido, amidino, oxamidino, alkoxyamidino, imidino, guanidino, sulfonamido, carboxyl, formyl, loweralkyl, haloloweralkyl, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkoxy, loweralkoxyalkyl, loweralkylaminoloweralkoxy, loweralkylcarbonyl, loweraralkylcarbonyl, lowerheteroaralkylcarbonyl, alkylthio, aminoalkyl and cyanoalkyl.  
     
     
         13 . A compound of  claim 1  wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  has the formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein Y is —NH or —O—; and  
         R 8  and R 9  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro, amino, cyano, halo, thioamido, amidino, oxamidino, alkoxyamidino, imidino, guanidinyl, sulfonamido, carboxyl, formyl, loweralkyl, haloloweralkyl, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkoxy, loweralkoxyalkyl, loweralkylaminoloweralkoxy, loweralkylcarbonyl, loweraralkylcarbonyl, lowerheteroaralkylcarbonyl, alkylthio, aryl and aralkyl.  
       
     
     
         14 . A compound of  claim 13 , wherein R 8  and R 9  are selected from the group consisting of halo and haloloweralkyl.  
     
     
         15 . A compound of  claim 14 , wherein R 8  and R 9  are halo.  
     
     
         16 . A compound of  claim 13 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is selected from the group consisting of 2,5-dichlorophenylamino and 2,5-dichlorophenyloxy.  
     
     
         17 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is substituted loweralkyl selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted loweralkyl, haloloweralkyl, heterocycloaminoalkyl, and loweralkylaminoloweralkyl.  
     
     
         18 . A compound of  claim 17 , wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is loweralkylaminoloweralkyl.  
     
     
         19 . A compound of  claim 17 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are hydrogen and R 4  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, aminoethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, pyridylethyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, piperazinylethyl and morpholinylethyl.  
     
     
         20 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein at least one of R 5  and R 7  is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl and biaryl.  
     
     
         21 . A compound of  claim 20  wherein at least one of R 5  and R 7  is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety of the formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro, amino, cyano, halo, thioamido, carboxyl, hydroxy, and optionally substituted loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, loweralkoxyalkyl, haloloweralkyl, haloloweralkoxy, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, alkylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino aminocarbonyl, loweralkylaminocarbonyl, aminoaralkyl,, loweralkylaminoalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, heteroarylcarbonyloxyalkyl, aralkycarbonyloxyalkyl, and heteroaralkcarbonyloxyalkyl.  
     
     
         22 . A compound of  claim 21  wherein R 10 , R 11 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen and R 12  is selected from the group consisting of halo, loweralkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl and cyano.  
     
     
         23 . A compound of  claim 21  wherein R 11 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen and R 10  and R 12  are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, loweralkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkyl and cyano.  
     
     
         24 . A compound of  claim 21  wherein R 10 , R 11 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen and R 12  is heteroaryl.  
     
     
         25 . A compound of  claim 21  wherein R 10 , R 11 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen and R 12  is a heterocycloalkyl.  
     
     
         26 . A compound of  claim 21  wherein at least one of R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14  are halo and the remainder of R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen.  
     
     
         27 . A compound of  claim 21  wherein at least one of R 5  and R 7  is selected from the group consisting of dichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, chlorofluorophenyl, bromochlorophenyl, ethylphenyl, methylchlorophenyl, imidazolylphenyl, cyanophenyl, morphlinophenyl and cyanochlorophenyl.  
     
     
         28 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein R 6  is substituted alkyl selected from the group consisting of aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaralkyl, carbonylaminoalkyl, alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aralkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl and arylaminoalkyl.  
     
     
         29 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein R 6  is substituted amino selected from the group consisting of alkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, arylalkylamino, arylcarbonylamino, alkylthiocarbonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylamino alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, and heteroaralkylcarbonylamino.  
     
     
         30 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein R 6  is selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted aminocarbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl and alkylaminoalkyloxycarbonyl.  
     
     
         31 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein R 6  is selected from the group consisting of amidino, guanidino, cycloimido, heterocycloimido, cycloamido, heterocycloamido, cyclothioamido and heterocycloloweralkyl.  
     
     
         32 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein R 6  is aryl.  
     
     
         33 . A compound of  claim 1 , wherein R 6  is heteroaryl.  
     
     
         34 . A compound of  claim 33 , wherein R 6  is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, thienyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, pyrrolylpyridyl, benzothiazolyl, benzopyridyl, benzotriazolyl, and benzimidazolyl.  
     
     
         35 . A compound having the structure:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein: 
 W is optionally substituted carbon, nitrogen or sulfur;  
 X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and optionally substituted carbon;  
 A 1  and A 2  are optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy, arylamino or heteroaryl;  
 R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, and optionally substituted loweralkyl, cycloloweralkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, loweralkoxy, amino, alkylamino, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroaralkylcarbonyl, aryl and heteroaryl;  
 R′ 1 , R′ 2 , R′ 3  and R′ 4  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and optionally substituted loweralkyl;  
 R 5 , R 6  R 7  and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, carboxyl, nitro, amino, amido, amidino, imido, cyano, and substituted or unsubstituted loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteraralkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, arylaminocarbonyloxy, formyl, loweralkylcarbonyl, loweralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminoaryl, alkylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, aminoalkoxy, alkylamino, arylamino, aralkylamino, heteroarylamino, heteroaralkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonylamino, arylaminocarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, amidino, cycloalkyl, cycloamido, cyclothioamido, cycloamidino, heterocycloamidino, cycloimido, heterocycloimido, guanidinyl, aryl, biaryl, heteroaryl, heterobiaryl, heterocyclo, heterocycloalkyl, arylsulfonyl and arylsulfonamido;  
 and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.  
 
     
     
         36 . A compound of  claim 35  wherein at least one of X and Y is nitrogen.  
     
     
         37 . A compound of  claim 36  wherein one of X and Y is nitrogen and the other of X and Y is optionally substituted carbon.  
     
     
         38 . A compound of  claim 36  wherein one of X and Y is nitrogen and the other of X and Y is oxygen.  
     
     
         39 . A compound of  claim 36 , wherein both X and Y are nitrogen.  
     
     
         40 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is an aromatic ring having from 3 to 10 carbon ring atoms and optionally 1 or more ring heteroatoms.  
     
     
         41 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is optionally substituted carbocyclic aryl, arylamino or aryloxy.  
     
     
         42 . A compound of  claim 40 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is optionally substituted heteroaryl.  
     
     
         43 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenylamino and phenyloxy.  
     
     
         44 . A compound of  claim 40 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, naphthyl, benzothiazolyl, benzopyridyl, and benzimidazolyl.  
     
     
         45 . A compound of  claim 40 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is substituted with at least one and not more than 3 substitution groups.  
     
     
         46 . A compound of  claim 45 , wherein said substitution groups are independently selected from the group consisting of nitro, amino, cyano, halo, thioamido, amidino, oxamidino, alkoxyamidino, imidino, guanidino, sulfonamido, carboxyl, formyl, loweralkyl, haloloweralkyl, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkoxy, loweralkoxyalkyl, loweralkylaminoloweralkoxy, loweralkylcarbonyl, loweraralkylcarbonyl, lowerheteroaralkylcarbonyl, alkylthio, aminoalkyl and cyanoalkyl.  
     
     
         47 . A compound of  claim 35  wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  has the formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein Y is —NH or —O—; and  
         R 8  and R 9  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro, amino, cyano, halo, thioamido, amidino, oxamidino, alkoxyamidino, imidino, guanidinyl, sulfonamido, carboxyl, formyl, loweralkyl, haloloweralkyl, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkoxy, loweralkoxyalkyl, loweralkylaminoloweralkoxy, loweralkylcarbonyl, loweraralkylcarbonyl, lowerheteroaralkylcarbonyl, alkylthio, aryl and aralkyl.  
       
     
     
         48 . A compound of  claim 47 , wherein R 8  and R 9  are selected from the group consisting of halo and haloloweralkyl.  
     
     
         49 . A compound of  claim 48 , wherein R 8  and R 9  are halo.  
     
     
         50 . A compound of  claim 47 , wherein at least one of A 1  and A 2  is selected from the group consisting of 2,5-dichlorophenylamino and 2,5-dichlorophenyloxy.  
     
     
         51 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is substituted loweralkyl selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted loweralkyl, haloloweralkyl, heterocycloaminoalkyl, and loweralkylaminoloweralkyl.  
     
     
         52 . A compound of  claim 51 , wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is loweralkylaminoloweralkyl.  
     
     
         53 . A compound of  claim 51 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are hydrogen and R 4  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, aminoethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, pyridylethyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, piperazinylethyl and morpholinylethyl.  
     
     
         54 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein at least one of R 5  and R 7  is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl and biaryl.  
     
     
         55 . A compound of  claim 54  wherein at least one of R 5  and R 7  is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety of the formula:  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14  are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, nitro, amino, cyano, halo, thioamido, carboxyl, hydroxy, and optionally substituted loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, loweralkoxyalkyl, haloloweralkyl, haloloweralkoxy, aminoalkyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, alkylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino aminocarbonyl, loweralkylaminocarbonyl, aminoaralkyl,, loweralkylaminoalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, aralkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, heteroarylcarbonyloxyalkyl, aralkycarbonyloxyalkyl, and heteroaralkcarbonyloxyalkyl.  
     
     
         56 . A compound of  claim 55  wherein R 10 , R 11 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen and R 12  is selected from the group consisting of halo, loweralkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl and cyano.  
     
     
         57 . A compound of  claim 55  wherein R 11 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen and R 10  and R 12  are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, loweralkyl, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, haloloweralkyl and cyano.  
     
     
         58 . A compound of  claim 55  wherein R 10 , R 11 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen and R 12  is heteroaryl.  
     
     
         59 . A compound of  claim 55  wherein R 10 , R 11 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen and R 12  is a heterocycloalkyl.  
     
     
         60 . A compound of  claim 55  wherein at least one of R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14  are halo and the remainder of R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14  are hydrogen.  
     
     
         61 . A compound of  claim 55  wherein at least one of R 5  and R 7  is selected from the group consisting of dichlorophenyl, difluorophenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, chlorofluorophenyl, bromochlorophenyl, ethylphenyl, methylchlorophenyl, imidazolylphenyl, cyanophenyl, morphlinophenyl and cyanochlorophenyl.  
     
     
         62 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein R 6  is substituted alkyl selected from the group consisting of aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoaralkyl, carbonylaminoalkyl, alkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aralkylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aminoalkoxyalkyl and arylaminoalkyl.  
     
     
         63 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein R 6  is substituted amino selected from the group consisting of alkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, arylalkylamino, arylcarbonylamino, alkylthiocarbonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylamino alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, and heteroaralkylcarbonylamino.  
     
     
         64 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein R 6  is selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted aminocarbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl and alkylaminoalkyloxycarbonyl.  
     
     
         65 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein R 6  is selected from the group consisting of amidino, guanidino, cycloimido, heterocycloimido, cycloamido, heterocycloamido, cyclothioamido and heterocycloloweralkyl.  
     
     
         66 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein R 6  is aryl.  
     
     
         67 . A compound of  claim 35 , wherein R 6  is heteroaryl.  
     
     
         68 . A compound of  claim 67 , wherein R 6  is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, thienyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, pyrrolylpyridyl, benzothiazolyl, benzopyridyl, benzotriazolyl, and benzimidazolyl.  
     
     
         69 . A composition comprising an amount of a compound of  claim 1  effective to modulate GSK3 activity in a human or animal subject when administered thereto, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.  
     
     
         70 . A method of inhibiting GSK3 activity in a human or animal subject, comprising administering to the human or animal subject a composition of  claim 69 .  
     
     
         71 . A method of treating a cell comprising administering to the cell an amount of a compound of  claim 1  effective to inhibit GSK3 activity in the cell.  
     
     
         72 . A method for treating a GSK3-mediated disorder in a human or animal subject, comprising administering to the human or animal subject an amount of a composition of  claim 69  effective to inhibit GSK3 activity in the subject.  
     
     
         73 . A method of  claim 72 , wherein the composition is administered by a mode of administration selected from the group consisting of oral, subcutaneous, transdermal, transmucosal, iontophoretic, intravenous, intrathecal, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, and rectal administration.  
     
     
         74 . A method of  claim 72 , wherein said GSK3-mediated disorder is selected from the group consisting of diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, essential hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, syndrome X, ischemia, traumatic brain injury, bipolar disorder, immunodeficiency and cancer.  
     
     
         75 . A method of  claim 74 , which further comprises administering to the subject one or more additional active agents.  
     
     
         76 . A method of  claim 75 , wherein the GSK3-mediated disorder is diabetes and the additional active agent is selected from the group consisting of insulin, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, glipizide and metformin.  
     
     
         77 . A compound of  claim 1  for use as a pharmaceutical.  
     
     
         78 . Use of a compound of  claim 1  in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, obesity, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, essential hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, syndrome X, ischemia, traumatic brain injury, bipolar disorder or cancer.