US2003036001A1PendingUtilityA1
Electrical energy devices
Priority: Sep 29, 1995Filed: Jun 24, 2002Published: Feb 20, 2003
Est. expirySep 29, 2015(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
H01G 4/08H01G 4/12H01M 4/8621H01M 4/664H01M 6/48H01M 4/62Y02E60/50Y02E60/10
35
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Claims
Abstract
The performance of electrochemical energy devices such as batteries, fuel cells, capacitors and sensors is enhanced by the use of electrically conducting ceramic materials in the form of fibers, powder, chips and substrates.
Claims
exact text as granted — not AI-modified1 . An electrical energy device having at least one component having conductive ceramic fibers therein, said fibers having a length of about 10 to about 10,000μ (1μ=10 −6 m) and a length to diameter ratio of about 1 to about 20.
2 . The device of claim 1 wherein said conductive ceramic fibers have a ceramic matrix and metal containing additive dispersed within said ceramic matrix.
3 . The device of claim 2 wherein said device is capable of at least one of either generating electrical energy or storing electrical energy.
4 . The device of claim 3 wherein said device is at least one of batteries, fuel cells, capacitors, and sensors.
5 . The device of claim 4 wherein said device is a battery.
6 . The device of claim 5 wherein said battery is at least one of lead-acid batteries, alkaline batteries, sulfur containing batteries, lithium containing batteries, and nickel containing batteries.
7 . The device of claim 2 wherein said conductive ceramic fibers have at least one metal coating thereon.
8 . The device of claim 7 wherein said metal coating is substantially the same composition as said metal containing additive in said fibers.
9 . The device of claim 6 wherein said battery is a lead acid battery.
10 . The device of claim 6 wherein said battery is an alkaline battery.
11 . The device of claim 10 wherein said alkaline battery is any of Zn—AgO 2 , Zn—AgO, Zn—AgNO 2 , Zn—Ag 2 PbO 2 , Zn—HgO, Zn—MnO 2 .
12 . The device of claim 11 wherein said alkaline battery includes at least one conductive ceramic fiber selected from the group of titanium suboxides and titanium superoxides.
13 . The device of claim 6 wherein said sulfur containing battery is a sodium-sulfur battery.
14 . The device of claim 13 wherein said sodium-sulfur battery includes at least one conductive ceramic fiber comprising TiO and an oxide selected from the group of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , copper-intercalated Ti 4 O 7 and copper-intercalated Ti 5 O 9 .
15 . The device of claim 6 wherein said device is a lithium containing battery of any of Li—AgV 2 O 5 , Li—CF, Li—CuO, Li—FeS, Li—FeS 2 , Li—I, Li—MnO 2 , Li—MoS 2 , Li—V 2 O 5 , Li—TiS 2 , Li—SOCl 2 , Li—SO 2 .
16 . The device of claim 15 wherein said lithium containing battery includes at least one conductive ceramic fiber selected from the group of substoichiometric titanium and superstoichiometric titanium dioxide.
17 . The device of claim 6 wherein said device is a Ni containing battery of any one of Ni—Cd, Ni—H 2 , Ni—Zn, Ni—MH and Ni—Fe.
18 . The Ni containing battery of claim 17 wherein said battery includes at least one conductive ceramic fiber selected from the group of Ti 4 O 7 intercalated with Cu, and Ti 5 O 9 intercalated with Cu.
19 . The device of claim 3 wherein said device is a fuel cell.
20 . The device of claim 3 wherein said device includes at least one electrode having conductive ceramic fibers therein, said electrode having at least one of a current collector and active material.
21 . The device of claim 20 wherein said conductive ceramic fibers are present in at least one of said current collector or said material.
22 . The device of claim 19 wherein said fibers are present in said collector in an amount of about 50 to 100% by weight of said collector.
23 . The device of claim 20 wherein said fibers are present in said paste in an amount of about to % by weight of said paste.
24 . The device of claim 21 wherein said matrix material is selected from the group of oxides, carbides, nitrides, and borides.
25 . The device of claim 24 wherein said oxide is selected from the group of substoichiometric titanium dioxides, superstoichiometric titanium dioxides, and perovskite oxides.
26 . The device of claim 25 wherein said perovskite oxide is tungsten oxide.
27 . The device of claim 24 wherein said metal containing additive is selected from the group of Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb, V, Sn, SnO, SnO 2 , Pb, Pd, Ir and alloys thereof.
28 . The device of claim 27 wherein said oxide is substoichiometric titanium dioxides and said metal containing additive is selected from the group of Sn, SnO, and SnO 2 .
29 . The device of claim 3 wherein said device is in the form of a capacitor.
30 . The device of claim 29 wherein said capacitor includes conductive ceramic fiber therein.
31 . The device of claim 30 wherein said conductive ceramic fibers are selected from the group of titanium suboxide and titanium superoxides.
32 . The device of claim 3 wherein said sensors include at least one of thermal sensors and chemical sensors.
33 . The device of claim 32 wherein said thermal sensor is in the form of single fibers or bundles of conductive, doped ceramic fibers.
34 . The device of claim 33 wherein said chemical sensor is in the form of a sheet, paper, nonwoven or woven mat, and composed principally of conductive ceramic fibers.
35 . A lead-acid battery having a plurality of electrodes therein, said electrode comprising an active material composition and a current collector, wherein conductive ceramic fibers are included in at least one said active material and said current collector.
36 . The lead acid battery of claim 35 wherein said active material composition is lead dioxide and said conductive ceramic fibers have a substoichiometric titanium dioxide matrix and a Sn—Pb alloy dispersed throughout said matrix.
37 . The lead acid battery of claim 36 wherein said current collector comprises conductive ceramic fibers from the group of substoichiometric titanium and superstoichiometric titanium.
38 . The lead acid battery of claim 37 wherein said conductive ceramic fiber is a ceramic matrix of substoichiometric titanium dioxide having Sn—Pb alloy therein.
39 . The lead acid battery of claim 38 wherein said substoichiometric titanium dioxide is Ti 4 O 7 .
40 . The device of claim 5 wherein the anode compartment comprises a lithium material of thermodynamic activity less than that of lithium metal.
41 . The device of claim 40 wherein the cathode compartment comprises a material containing manganese.
42 . The device of claim 40 wherein the electrolyte material comprises an organic polymer.
43 . The device of claim 40 wherein the anode compartment comprises a carbon material selected from the group containing graphite and petroleum coke.
44 . The device of claim 5 wherein the battery is of bipolar design.
45 . A battery which comprises an electrically conducting ceramic comprising an electrically conducting vanadium oxide.
46 . A battery which comprises an electrically conducting ceramic comprising an oxide selected from the group of Al 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 coated with a metal.
47 . An electrically conductive composition comprising, about 80 to about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater,
up to about 10% TiO, at least 1% (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ), and
up to about 10% of an additive selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal, or mixtures thereof,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
48 . An electrically conductive ceramic composition comprising, at least about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and up to about 10% of an additive selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb and V.
49 . An electrically conductive composition comprising,
about 50% to about 90% VO x (x=l-2.5), about 10% to about 50% of an additive selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
50 . The electrically conductive composition of claim 49 wherein said VO x (x=1-2.5) is present in an amount of about 90% to about 100%,
said additive is selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal, or mixtures thereof,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb, V or mixtures thereof.
51 . A composition comprising,
Al 2 O 3 and a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, N metal or mixtures thereof, wherein N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
52 . The composition of claim 51 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in an amount of about 85% to about 90% based on total weight of said composition.
53 . The composition of claim 52 wherein said component is present in an amount of about 5 to about 15%, based on total weight of said compositions.
54 . A composition comprising ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, N metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
55 . The composition of claim 54 wherein said ZrO 2 is present in an amount of about 85% to about 95% based on total weight of said composition, and said component is present in an amount of about 5% to about 15% of said composition.
56 . A composition comprising Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, N metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
57 . The composition of claim 56 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in an amount of about 40% to about 48%,
said ZrO 2 is present in an amount of about 40% to about 48%, and
said component is present in an amount of about 4% to about 20%.
58 . A cathode having an electrically conductive ceramic composition.
59 . The cathode of claim 58 wherein said composition comprises,
Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater, TiO, (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and a component selected from the group consisting of [N] M oxides, N borides, M carbides, N nitrides, and N metal, or mixtures of said N oxides, N borides, N carbides, N nitrides, and N metal,
wherein N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
60 . The cathode of claim 59 wherein said Ti n O (2n-1) is present in an amount of about 80 to about 90% based on total weight of the composition, said TiO is present in an amount of up to about 10% based on total weight of the composition, said (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 )is present in an amount of at least about 1%, and said component is present in an amount of up to about 10%.
61 . A cathode having a composition comprising,
at least about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and up to about 10% of a component selected from the group of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof, where M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb and V.
62 . A cathode having a composition comprising VO x (x=l-2.5), and
a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, N borides, M carbides, N nitrides, and M metal wherein N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
63 . The cathode of claim 62 wherein said VO x (x=l-2.5) is present in an amount of about 50 to about 90%, and
said component is present in an amount of about 10% to about 50%.
64 . A cathode having a ceramic composition and a metallic coating on said ceramic composition.
65 . The cathode of claim 64 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 and a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, N metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
66 . The cathode of claim 65 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in an amount of about 85% to about 90%, and
said component is present in an amount of about 5% to about 15%.
67 . The cathode of claim 64 wherein said composition comprises,
ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
68 . The cathode of claim 67 wherein said ZrO 2 is present in an amount of about 85% to about 95%, and
said component is present in an amount of about 5 to about 15%.
69 . The cathode of claim 64 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, N metal or mixtures thereof, where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
70 . The cathode of claim 69 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in an amount of about 40% to about 48%,
said ZrO 2 is present in an amount of about 40% to about 48%, and
said component is present in an amount of about 4 to about
71 . A battery having a cathode according to claim 70 .
72 . The battery of claim 71 wherein said battery is a lithium battery.
73 . The battery of claim 71 wherein said battery is a Zn air battery.
74 . The battery of claim 71 wherein said battery is an Al air battery.
75 . The battery of claim 71 wherein said battery is a Leclanche battery.
76 . The battery of claim 71 wherein said battery is a sodium sulphur battery.
77 . The battery of claim 71 wherein said battery is a Nickel battery.
78 . The battery of claim 71 wherein said battery is a lead acid battery.
79 . A fuel cell electrode comprising an electrically conductive ceramic composition.
80 . The electrode of claim 79 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater, TiO, (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and a component selected from the group of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal, or mixtures thereof,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
81 . The electrode of claim 80 wherein said Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater is present in an amount of about 80% to about 90%,
said TiO is present in an amount of up to about 10%,
said (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) is present in an amount of at least 1%, and
said component is present in an amount of up to about 10%.
82 . The electrode of claim 79 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and a component selected from the group of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb and V.
83 . The electrode of claim 82 wherein said Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4 is present in an amount of at least about 90%, and
said component is present in an amount of up to about 10%.
84 . The electrode of claim 79 wherein said composition comprises VO x (x=1-2.5), and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal,
wherein N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr. Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
85 . The electrode of claim 84 wherein said VO x (x=l-2.5) is present in an amount of about 50% to about 90%, and
said component is present in an amount of about 10% to about 50%.
86 . A fuel cell electrode having a ceramic composition and a metallic coating on said ceramic composition.
87 . The electrode of claim 86 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 and a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
88 . The electrode of claim 86 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in an amount of about 85% to about 90%, and
said component is present in an amount of about 5 to about 15%.
89 . The electrode of claim 86 wherein said composition comprises ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
90 . The electrode of claim 89 wherein said ZrO 2 is present in an amount of about 85% to about 95%, and said component is present in an amount of about 5% to about 15%.
91 . The electrode of claim 86 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, N metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
92 . The electrode of claim 91 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in said composition an amount of about 40% to about 48%, said ZrO 2 is present in said composition an amount of about 40% to about 48%, and said component is present in said composition in an amount of about 4% to about 20%.
93 . A fuel cell having an electrode according to claim 92 .
94 . A current collector having an electrically conductive ceramic composition.
95 . The current collector of claim 94 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater, TiO, (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, M borides, N carbides, N nitrides, and N metal, or mixtures thereof,
wherein N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
96 . The current collector of claim 95 wherein said Ti n O (2n-1) is present in said composition in an amount of about 80% to about 90%,
said TiO is present in an amount of up to about 10%,
said (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) is present in an amount of at least 1%, and
said component is present in an amount of up to about 10%.
97 . The current collector of claim 94 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb and V.
98 . The current collector of claim 97 wherein said Ti n O (2n-1) is present in said composition an amount of at least about 90%, and said component is present in an amount up to about 10%.
99 . The current collector of claim 94 wherein said composition comprises VO x (x=l-2.5), and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
100 . The current collector of claim 99 wherein said VO x (x=1-2.5) is present in said composition an amount of about 50% to about 90%, and
said component is present in said composition in an amount of about 10-50%.
101 . A current collector having a ceramic composition and a metallic coating on said ceramic composition.
102 . The current collector of claim 101 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
103 . The current collector of claim 102 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in said composition an amount of about 85% to about 90%, and said component is present in said composition in an amount of about 5 to about 15%.
104 . The current collector of claim 101 wherein said composition comprises ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
105 . The current collector of claim 104 wherein said ZrO 2 is present in said composition in an amount of about 85 to about 95%,
and said component is present in said composition in an amount of about 5% to about 15%.
106 . The current collector of claim 101 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
107 . The current collector of claim 106 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in said composition an amount of about 40% to about 48%,
said ZrO 2 is present in said composition in an amount of about 40% to about 48% ZrO 2 , and
said component is present in said composition in an amount of about 4% to about 20%.
108 . A bipolar electrode having an electrically conductive ceramic composition.
109 . The bipolar electrode of claim 108 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater, TiO, (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal, or mixtures thereof,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
110 . The bipolar electrode of claim 109 wherein said Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater is present in said composition in an amount of about 80% to about 90%, said TiO is present in said composition in an amount of up to about 1%, and
said (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) is present in said composition in an amount at least 1%, and
said component is present in an amount of up to about 10%,
111 . The bipolar electrode of claim 108 wherein said composition comprises at least about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and up to about 10% of said component, and
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb and V.
112 . The bipolar electrode of claim 108 wherein said composition comprises VO x (x=l-2.5), and a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, N borides, M carbides, N nitrides, and M metal,
wherein N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te and mixtures thereof.
113 . The bipolar electrode of claim 112 wherein said VO x (x=1-2.5) is present in said composition in an amount of about 50% to about 90% and said component is present in said composition in an amount of about 10% to about 50%.
114 . A bipolar electrode having a ceramic composition and a metallic coating on said ceramic composition.
115 . The bipolar electrode of claim 114 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, N metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
116 . The bipolar electrode of claim 115 wherein said composition comprises about 85-90% Al 2 O 3 and about 5% to about 15% of said component.
117 . The bipolar electrode of claim 114 wherein said composition comprises ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
118 . The bipolar electrode of claim 117 wherein said composition comprises about 85-95% ZrO 2 and about 5% to about 15% of said component.
119 . The bipolar electrode of claim 114 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
120 . The bipolar electrode of claim 119 wherein said Al 2 O 3 is present in said composition in an amount of about 40% to about 48%,
said ZrO 2 is present in said composition in an amount of about 40% to about 48% ZrO 2 , and
said component is present in said composition in an amount of about 4% to about 20%.
121 . A lead acid battery having the bipolar electrode of claim 120 .
122 . A capacitor having an electrically conductive ceramic composition.
123 . The capacitor of claim 122 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater, TiO, (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal, or mixtures thereof,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
124 . The capacitor of claim 123 wherein said composition comprises about 80 to about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n= 4 or greater, up to about 10% TiO, at least 1% (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and up to about 10% of said component.
125 . The capacitor of claim 123 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb and V.
126 . The capacitor of claim 125 wherein said composition. comprises at least about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and up to about 10% of said component.
127 . The capacitor of claim 122 wherein said composition comprises VO x (x=l-2.5), and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, M metal and mixtures thereof,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Gs, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
128 . The capacitor of claim 127 wherein said composition comprises about 50% to about 90% VO x (x=l2.5), and about 10 to about 50% of said component.
129 . A capacitor having a ceramic composition and a metallic coating on said ceramic composition.
130 . The capacitor of claim 129 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
131 . The capacitor of claim 130 wherein said composition comprises about 85% to about 90% Al 2 O 3 and about 5% to about 15% of said component.
132 . The capacitor of claim 129 wherein said composition comprises ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
133 . The capacitor of claim 132 wherein said composition comprises about 85% to about 95% ZrO 2 and about 5% to about 15% of said component.
134 . The capacitor of claim 129 wherein said composition comprises Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
135 . The capacitor of claim 134 wherein said composition comprises about 40% to about 48% Al 2 O 3 , about 40% to about 48% ZrO 2 , and about 4% to about 20% of said component.
136 . A sensor having an electrically conductive ceramic composition.
137 . The sensor of claim 136 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater, TiO, (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal, or mixtures of said M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
138 . The sensor of claim 137 wherein said composition comprises about 80 to about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater, up to about 10% TiO, at least 1% (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and up to about 10% of said component.
139 . The sensor of claim 136 wherein said composition comprises Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb and V.
140 . The sensor of claim 139 wherein said composition comprises at least about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and up to about 10% of said component.
141 . The sensor of claim 136 wherein said composition comprises about 50 to about 90% VO x (x=1-2.5), and about 10-50% of a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
142 . A sensor having a ceramic composition and a metallic coating on said ceramic composition.
143 . The sensor of claim 142 wherein said composition comprises about 85-90% Al 2 O 3 and about 5% to about 15% of a component of a selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
144 . The sensor of claim 142 wherein said composition comprises about 85-95% ZrO 2 and about 5% to about 15% of a second component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
145 . The sensor of claim 142 wherein said composition comprises about 40-48% Al 2 O 3 , about 40-48% ZrO 2 and about 4 to about 20% of a second component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr. Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
146 . The sensor of claim 142 wherein said sensor is an oxygen sensor.
147 . The sensor of claim 142 wherein said sensor is a humidity sensor.
148 . An active paste having conductive ceramic fibers, said fibers having a length of about 10 microns to about 10,000 microns and a length to diameter ratio of about 1 to about 100.
149 . The active paste of claim 148 having conductive ceramic fibers,
said fibers having a length of about 3,175 microns to about 6,350 microns and a diameter of about 0.002 inches to about 0.007 inches.
150 . The active paste of claim 148 wherein said active paste comprises a material selected from the group consisting of PbO and PbSO 4 .
151 . The active paste of claim 150 wherein said fiber comprises Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having an additive selected from the group consisting of SnO 2 , Cu, Ni, and Co, Ti 5 O 9 having an additive selected from the group consisting of SnO 2 , Cu, Ni, and Co therein, and
mixtures thereof and a second fiber selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, nickel fibers, stainless steel fibers, olefin fibers, and cellulosic fibers, polyester fibers, and composite fibers.
152 . The active paste of claim 151 wherein said second fiber is present in said paste in an amount of about 1% to about 30%.
153 . The active paste of claim 152 wherein said olefin fibers are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene and polypropylene.
154 . The active paste of claim 151 wherein said composite fibers are lead coated glass fibers.
155 . A conductive composition comprising ceramic conductive fiber, metal fiber and olefin fiber.
156 . The composition of claim 155 wherein said conductive fiber comprises Ti 4 O 7 , said metal fiber is Ni, and said olefin fiber is polypropylene.
157 . The composition of claim 156 wherein said conductive ceramic fiber is present in said composition in an about 30% to about 70%,
said metal fiber is present in said composition an amount about 20%, and
said olefin fiber is present in said composition an amount of about 10%.
158 . The composition of claim 155 wherein said conductive fiber comprises Ti 5 O 9 intercalated with Nb, said metal fiber is stainless steel, said olefin fiber is polypropylene.
159 . The composition of claim 158 wherein said conductive ceramic fiber is present in said composition in an amount of about 30% to about 70%,
said metal fiber is present in said composition an amount of about 60% to about 70%, and
said olefin fiber is present in said composition an amount of about 10% to about 20%.
160 . A conductive composition comprising a conductive ceramic fiber and an organic fiber selected from the group consisting of polyolefins and polyesters.
161 . The composition of claim 160 wherein said fiber is SnO 2 and said olefin is polypropylene.
162 . The composition of claim 161 wherein said fiber is present in said composition an amount of about 90% and said polypropylene is present in an amount of about 10%.
163 . The composition of claim 160 wherein said fiber is Ti 4 O 7 , intercalated with Cu, and said olefin is polypropylene.
164 . The composition of claim 163 wherein said fiber is present in said composition in an amount of about 90% and said polypropylene is present in an amount of about 10%.
165 . The composition of claim 160 wherein said fiber is Ti 4 O 7 and said organic fiber is polyester.
166 . The composition of claim 165 wherein said fiber is present in said composition an amount of about 50% to about 90% and said polyester is present in said composition in an amount of about 10% to about 50%.
167 . A current collector for a lead acid battery, said collector having from about 50% to about 100% of a conductive ceramic fiber selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , having an oxide selected from the group consisting of SnO 2 , WO 3 , (TiO and Ti 4 O 7 ) and (TiO and Ti 5 O 9 ).
168 . An active paste comprising an electrically conductive ceramic composition.
169 . The active paste of claim 168 wherein said composition comprises about 80% to about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n=4 or greater, up to about 10% TiO, at least 1% (Ti 2 O 3 and Ti 3 O 5 ) and up to about 10% of a component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and M metal, or mixtures thereof,
wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
170 . The active paste of claim 169 wherein said composition comprises at least about 90% Ti n O (2n-1) where n is at least 4, and
up to about 10% of a second component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where M is selected from the group consisting of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Nb and V.
171 . The active paste of claim 168 wherein said composition comprises about 50% to about 90% VO x (x=1-2.5), and about 10% to about 50% of a second component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M borides, M carbides, M nitrides, and N metal,
wherein N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, Al, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.
172 . An active paste having a ceramic composition and a metallic coating on said ceramic composition.
173 . The active paste of claim 172 wherein said composition comprises about 85%-90% Al 2 O 3 and about 5% to about 15% of a second component selected from the group consisting of M oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
174 . The active paste of claim 172 wherein said composition comprises about 85% to about 95% ZrO 2 and about 5% to about 15% of a component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, M metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
175 . The active paste of claim 172 wherein said composition comprises about 40% to about 48% Al 2 O 3 , about 40% to about 48% ZrO 2 , and about 4% to about 20% of a second component selected from the group consisting of N oxides, N metal or mixtures thereof,
where N is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se, Te or mixtures thereof.
176 . The capacitor of claim 122 wherein said capacitor is a multi layer chip capacitor.
177 . The capacitor of claim 122 wherein said capacitor is an ultra capacitor.
178 . A fiber comprising a composition of claim 47 .
179 . The fiber of claim 178 wherein said fiber has a diameter of less than about 200 microns.
180 . The fiber of claim 179 wherein said fiber has a diameter less than about 100 microns.
181 . The fiber of claim 180 wherein said fiber has a diameter less than about 50 microns.
182 . The fiber of claim 181 wherein said fiber has a diameter less than about 20 microns.
183 . A metal coated ceramic fiber comprising a ceramic fiber and a metallic coating thereon, said metallic coating selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb, V, W, Sn, SnO, SnO 2 , Pb, and alloys thereof.
184 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 183 wherein said metallic coating is a Sn—Pb alloy.
185 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 184 wherein said metallic coating is an Sn—Pb alloy having up to about 90% Sn, remainder Pb.
186 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 184 wherein said metallic coating is an Sn—Pb alloy having a thickness of about 0.1 mil to about 1.0 mil.
187 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 183 wherein said ceramic fiber comprises at least one of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , or mixtures thereof.
188 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 187 wherein said metallic coating comprises Ni, Ag and Cu.
189 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 188 wherein metallic coating has a thickness of about 0.1 mil to about 1.0 mil.
190 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 183 wherein said ceramic fiber comprises at least one of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 intercalated with Cu, Ti 5 O 9 intercalated with Cu, or mixtures thereof.
191 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 190 wherein said metallic coating is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Ag, Cu, Li and SnO 2 and mixtures thereof.
192 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 191 wherein said metallic coating has a thickness of about 0.1 mil to about 1.0 mil.
193 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 183 wherein said ceramic fiber comprises at least one of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , or mixtures thereof.
194 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 193 wherein said metallic coating is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, NiCo alloys, and mixtures thereof.
195 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 193 wherein said metallic coating is SnO 2 .
196 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 183 wherein said ceramic fiber comprises at least one of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein, or mixtures thereof.
197 . The metal coated ceramic fiber of claim 195 wherein said metallic coating is Cu.
198 . A NiCd battery having about 0.1 to about 20% conductive ceramic fibers selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , and mixtures of TiO and Ti 4 O 7 , said ceramic fibers having Ni therein.
199 . An alkaline battery having the metal coated fiber of claim 183 .
200 . The alkaline battery of claim 199 wherein said alkaline battery is a NiCd battery.
201 . The alkaline battery of claim 199 wherein said alkaline battery is a NiMH battery.
202 . The alkaline battery of claim 199 wherein said alkaline battery is a NiFe battery.
203 . The alkaline battery of claim 199 wherein said alkaline battery is Ni—Zn battery.
204 . The alkaline battery of claim 203 wherein said alkaline battery is a MnO 2 —Zn battery.
205 . A Li battery having the metal coated fiber of claim 183 .
206 . The Li battery of claim 205 wherein said Li battery is a Li—MnO 2 battery.
207 . A Ni battery having the metal coated fiber of claim 183 .
208 . The Ni battery of claim 207 wherein said Ni battery is a NiCd battery.
209 . The Ni battery of claim 207 wherein said Ni battery is a NiMH battery.
210 . A sensor having the metal coated fiber of claim 183 .
211 . The sensor of claim 210 wherein said sensor is a gas sensor.
212 . A capacitor having the metal coated fiber of claim 183 .
213 . The capacitor of claim 212 wherein said capacitor is TiO 2 on Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 or mixtures thereof.
214 . The capacitor of claim 212 wherein said capacitor is carbon or graphite on Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 or mixtures thereof.
215 . A lead acid battery having a ceramic fiber having a metal coating thereon, said fiber selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having SnO 2 therein, Ti 5 O 9 having SnO 2 therein, or mixtures thereof.
216 . The lead acid battery of claim 215 wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of Pb, Sn, Sb or alloys thereof.
217 . The lead acid battery of claim 216 wherein said metal coating is about 0.001 inch thick.
218 . A Li battery having a ceramic fiber having metal coating thereon, said fiber selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having a metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Ni or Mn therein, and Ti 5 O 9 having a metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Ni or Mn.
219 . The Li battery of claim 218 wherein said metal coating is about 0.001 inch thick.
220 . A Ni battery having a ceramic fiber having metal coating thereon, said fiber selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having therein a metal selected from the group consisting of Ni or Co, and Ti 5 O 9 having therein a metal selected from the group consisting of Ni or Co.
221 . The Ni battery of claim 220 wherein said metal coating is about 0.001 inch thick.
222 . A ceramic fiber having a plurality of metal coatings thereon,
said ceramic fiber comprising Ti 4 O 7 having therein a first metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ni, Ni—Co, a first coating having a second metal selected from the group consisting of Sn, Ni, and Ni—Co and a second coating having a third metal selected from the group consisting of Pb, Co, and Ni.
223 . The ceramic fiber of claim 222 wherein said first metal is Cu, said second metal is Sn, and said third metal is Pb.
224 . The ceramic fiber of claim 222 wherein said first metal is Ni, said second metal is Ni, and said third metal is Co.
225 . The ceramic fiber of claim 222 wherein said first metal is Ni—Co, said second metal is Ni—Co, and said third metal is Ni.
226 . A ceramic fiber having a plurality of metal coatings thereon,
said ceramic fiber comprising Ti 5 O 9 having therein a first metal selected from the group consisting of Ni and Ni—Co, a first coating having a second metal selected from the group consisting of Ni and Ni—Co, and a second coating having a third metal selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni.
227 . The ceramic fiber of claim 226 wherein said first metal is Ni, said second metal is Ni, and said third metal is Co.
228 . The ceramic fiber of claim 226 wherein said first metal is Ni—Co, said second metal is Ni—Co, and said third metal is Ni.
229 . An alkaline battery having a ceramic fiber having metal coating thereon,
said fiber selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having a metal therein, Ti 5 O 9 having a metal therein, or mixtures thereof, said metal selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Cu, NiCo alloys, or mixtures thereof.
230 . The alkaline battery of claim 229 wherein said metal coating is Ni.
231 . The alkaline battery of claim 230 wherein said metal coating is about 0.001 inch thick.
232 . A lead acid battery having a cathode, said cathode having an active paste material wherein the active paste material comprises PbO 2 and about 5% to about 10% conductive ceramic fiber.
233 . The battery of claim 232 wherein said ceramic fiber is selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 having SnO 2 therein, and Ti 5 O 9 having SnO 2 therein.
234 . The battery of claim 233 wherein said SnO 2 is present in said fiber an amount of about 0.5% to about 1.8%.
235 . A Zn-MnO 2 battery having an active paste comprising MnO 2 ; and about 1-30% conductive ceramic fibers selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, and Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein.
236 . A Li—MnO 2 battery having about 1-10% conductive ceramic fibers selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, and Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein.
237 . A NiMH battery having about 1-10% conductive ceramic fibers selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 having Co therein, and Ti 5 O 9 having Co therein.
238 . A NiCd battery having a Ni foam electrode, said electrode pasted with an active material comprising Ni(OH) 2 and conductive ceramic fibers.
239 . The battery of claim 238 wherein said ceramic fibers are selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , having Ni therein and Ti 5 O 9 having Ni therein.
240 . The battery of claim 239 wherein said conductive ceramic fibers are present in an amount of 10%.
241 . A NiMH battery having a cathode of NiOH and an anode comprising mishmetal hydride,
said cathode having a conductive ceramic fiber comprising Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein, Ti 4 O 7 having Ni therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Ni therein, and mixtures thereof.
242 . The NiMH battery of claim 241 wherein said anode comprises a conductive ceramic fiber selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein, Ti 4 O 7 having Ni therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Ni therein, and mixtures thereof.
243 . A NiZn battery having an active paste comprising ZnO, said paste having a conductive ceramic fiber selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein, and mixtures thereof.
244 . A Ni-Cd alkaline cell having an electrode comprising an active material paste, said paste comprising NiOH, CdOH, and conductive ceramic fiber.
245 . The cell of claim 244 wherein said conductive fiber is present in said active paste in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5% by weight, based on the weight of the active paste.
246 . The cell of claim 245 wherein said conductive fiber is selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein, Ti 4 O 7 having Ni therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Ni therein, Ti 4 O 7 having Cu and Ni therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Cu and Ni therein, and mixtures thereof.
247 . The cell of claim 246 wherein said active paste further comprises an organic polymeric binder.
248 . The cell of claim 247 wherein said polymeric binder is carboxy methylcellulose.
249 . The cell of claim 248 wherein said carboxy methylcellulose is present in said active paste in an amount of about 0.5-5%.
250 . A Li containing battery having a conductive ceramic fiber selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having Li therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Li therein, Ti 4 O 7 having Co therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Co therein, Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein, Ti 4 O 7 having Ni therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Ni therein, and mixtures thereof.
251 . The battery of claim 250 wherein said battery is a Li—AgV 2 O 5 battery.
252 . The battery of claim 251 wherein said battery is a Li—CF x battery.
253 . The battery of claim 252 wherein said battery is a Li—CuO battery.
254 . The battery of claim 250 wherein said battery is a LiFeS battery.
255 . The battery of claim 253 wherein said battery is a Li—FeS 2 battery.
256 . The battery of claim 250 wherein said battery is a Li—I 2 battery.
257 . The battery of claim 256 wherein said battery is a Li—MnO 2 battery.
258 . The battery of claim 250 wherein said battery is a Li—MoS 2 battery.
259 . The battery of claim 250 wherein said battery is a Li—V 2 O 5 battery.
260 . The battery of claim 250 wherein said battery is a Li—SOCl 2 battery.
261 . The battery of claim 250 wherein said battery is a Li—SO 2 battery.
262 . A Li containing battery having an anode comprising Li and a cathode comprising ceramic conductive fibers.
263 . The Li containing battery of claim 263 wherein said cathode comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of AgV 2 O 5 CF x , CuO, MnO 2 , FeS, FeS 2 , TiS 2 , MoS 2 , V 2 O, SOCl 2 , SO 2 , and I 2 .
264 . The Li containing battery of claim 263 wherein said ceramic conductive fibers are selected from the group consisting of Ti 4 O 7 , Ti 5 O 9 , Ti 4 O 7 having Ni therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Co therein, Ti 4 O 7 having Cu therein, Ti 5 O 9 having Cu therein, Ti 4 O 7 having NiCo alloy therein, Ti 5 O 9 having NiCo alloy therein, and mixtures thereof.
265 . A method of manufacture of electrically conductive ceramic product comprising forming a mixture of a ceramic oxide and organic binder, heat treating said mixture to burn off the binder, and sintering in a reducing atmosphere to form an electrically conductive ceramic powder.
266 . The method of claim 265 wherein said ceramic oxide is selected from the group consisting of titanium oxides and vanadium oxides.
267 . The method of claim 266 wherein said ceramic oxides have a particle size of about 40 microns to about 150 microns.
268 . The method of claim 266 wherein said mixture further comprises metal containing additives.
269 . The method of claim 266 wherein said mixture further comprises a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of intercalated graphite, graphite, and carbon.
270 . The method of claim 265 wherein said heat treating is performed at a temperature of about 300° C.
271 . The method of claim 270 wherein said sintering is performed at a temperature of about 1000-2000° C.
272 . The method of claim 271 wherein said reducing atmosphere is selected from the group consisting of H, CO or mixtures thereof.
273 . The method of claim 272 further comprising cooling in an inert atmosphere.
274 . The method of claim 265 wherein said product is a ceramic chip.
275 . A method of producing a metal coated, electrically conductive ceramic chip comprising, providing an oxide selected from the group of Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , ZrO 2 —Al 2 O 3 or mixtures thereof, an organic binder, forming a mixture of said oxide and said binder, sintering said mixture in a reducing atmosphere to provide a sintered product, and applying a metallic coating to said sintered product.
276 . The method of claim 275 wherein said reducing atmosphere is selected from the group consisting of H, CO and mixtures thereof.
277 . The method of claim 276 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
278 . The method of claim 277 further comprising cooling within an inert atmosphere.
279 . A method of forming a ceramic product having conductive ceramic material therein comprising,
providing a slurry comprising conductive ceramic material therein, casting said slurry to provide a shaped product, and firing said shaped product to provide said ceramic product having conductive ceramic material.
280 . The method of claim 279 further comprising an organic binder.
281 . A substrate comprising an electrically conductive ceramic material.
282 . The substrate of claim 279 wherein said substrate is a grid.
283 . The substrate of claim 279 wherein said substrate is an electrode.
284 . The substrate of claim 279 wherein said substrate is a current collector.
285 . The substrate of claim 279 wherein said substrate is a foam.
286 . The substrate of claim 279 wherein said substrate is a honey-comb.
287 . The substrate of claim 281 wherein said substrate is a solid sheet.
288 . A method of making a substrate having conductive ceramic material therein comprising,
forming a mixture having conductive ceramic material therein, molding said mixture into a preform, and firing said preform in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to yield said substrate.
289 . The method of claim 288 wherein said substrate is a grid.
290 . The method of claim 289 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
291 . The method of claim 289 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of any one of claims 47 - 57 .
292 . The method of claim 288 wherein said substrate is an electrode.
293 . The method of claim 292 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
294 . The method of claim 292 wherein said conductive fibers comprise the composition of any one of claims 47 - 57 .
295 . The of method claim 288 wherein said substrate is a current collector.
296 . The method of claim 295 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
297 . The method of claim 295 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
298 . The method of claim 288 wherein said substrate is a foam.
299 . The method of claim 298 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
300 . The method of claim 298 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
301 . The method of claim 288 wherein said substrate is a honey-comb.
302 . The method of claim 301 wherein said conductive material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
303 . The method of claim 302 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
304 . The method of claim 288 wherein said substrate is a solid sheet.
305 . The method of claim 304 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
306 . The method of claim 304 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of any one of claims 47 - 57 .
307 . A method of making a substrate having a conductive ceramic material therein comprising,
forming a mixture having conductive ceramic material therein, molding said mixture into a preform, and firing said preform in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to yield said substrate.
308 . The method of claim 307 wherein said substrate is a grid.
309 . The method of claim 308 wherein said conductive material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
310 . The method of claim 308 wherein said conductive material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
311 . The method of claim 309 wherein said material is at least one of powders or chips.
312 . The method of claim 310 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
313 . The method of claim 307 wherein said substrate is an electrode.
314 . The method of claim 313 wherein said conductive material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
315 . The method of claim 313 wherein said conductive material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
316 . The method of claim 313 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
317 . The method of claim 314 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
318 . The of method claim 307 wherein said substrate is a current collector.
319 . The method of claim 318 wherein said conductive material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
320 . The method of claim 318 wherein said conductive material comprises the composition of any one of claims 47 - 57 .
321 . The method of claim 319 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
322 . The method of claim 319 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
323 . The method of claim 307 wherein said substrate is a foam.
324 . The method of claim 323 wherein said conductive material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
325 . The method of claim 323 wherein said conductive material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
326 . The method of claim 324 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
327 . The method of claim 324 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
328 . The method of claim 307 wherein said substrate is a honey-comb.
329 . The method of claim 328 wherein said conductive material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
330 . The method of claim 328 wherein said conductive material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
331 . The method of claim 329 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
332 . The method of claim 329 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
333 . The method of claim 307 wherein said substrate is a solid sheet.
334 . The method of claim 333 wherein said conductive material comprises sub-oxides of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti and V.
335 . The method of claim 333 wherein said conductive material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
336 . The method of claim 334 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
337 . The method of claim 335 wherein said material is at least one of powders and chips.
338 . The method of claim 288 wherein said sintering is performed in a nonoxidizing atmosphere.
339 . The method of claim 338 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000-2000° C.
340 . The method of claim 290 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
341 . The method of claim 340 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
342 . The method of claim 299 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
343 . The method of claim 342 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
344 . The method of claim 297 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
345 . The method of claim 344 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
346 . The method of claim 300 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
347 . The method of claim 346 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
348 . The method of claim 303 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
349 . The method of claim 348 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
350 . The method of claim 306 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
351 . The method of claim 350 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
352 . The method of claim 310 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
353 . The method of claim 352 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
354 . The method of claim 312 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
355 . The method of claim 354 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
356 . The method of claim 320 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
357 . The method of claim 336 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
358 . The method of claim 325 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
359 . The method of claim 358 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
360 . The method of claim 327 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
361 . The method of claim 360 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
362 . The method of claim 330 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
363 . The method of claim 362 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
364 . The method of claim 332 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
365 . The method of claim 364 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
366 . The method of claim 335 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
367 . The method of claim 366 wherein said sintering is performed at about 1000° C. to about 2000° C.
368 . The method of claim 337 wherein said sintering is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
369 . An electrical energy device having at least one component having a conductive ceramic material therein.
370 . The device of claim 369 wherein said material is at least one of conductive ceramic powder, conductive ceramic chips, and conductive ceramic foam.
371 . The device of claim 370 wherein said material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
372 . The device of claim 370 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises a ceramic matrix and metal containing additive dispersed within said ceramic matrix.
373 . The device of claim 372 wherein said matrix material is selected from the group of oxides, carbides, nitrides, and borides.
374 . The device of claim 373 wherein said oxide is selected from the group of substoichiometric titanium dioxides, superstoichometric titanium dioxides, and perovskite oxides.
375 . The device of claim 374 wherein said perovskite oxide is tungsten oxide.
376 . The device of claim 372 wherein said metal containing additive is selected from the group of Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Pt, Ta, Zn, Mg, Ru, Ir, Nb, V, Sn, SnO, SnO 2 , Pb, Pd, and alloys thereof.
377 . The device of claim 372 wherein said conductive ceramic powder comprises at least one metal coating on said ceramic matrix.
378 . The device of claim 377 wherein said metal coating is substantially the same composition as said metal containing. additive.
379 . The device of claim 370 wherein said device is at least one of batteries, fuel cells, capacitors, and sensors.
380 . The device of claim 379 wherein said device is a battery.
381 . The device of claim 379 wherein said battery is at least one of lead-acid batteries, alkaline batteries, sulfur containing batteries, lithium containing batteries and nickel containing batteries.
382 . The device of claim 381 wherein said battery is a lead acid battery.
383 . The device of claim 381 wherein said battery is an alkaline battery.
384 . The device of claim 383 wherein said alkaline battery is any of Zn—AgO 2 , Zn—AgO, Zn—AgNO 2 , Zn—Ag 2 PbO 2 , Zn—HgO, Zn—Br 2 , Zn—Air(O 2 ) and Zn—MnO 2 .
385 . The device of claim 384 wherein in said alkaline battery said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of any one of claims 47 - 57 .
386 . The device of claim 381 wherein said sulfur containing battery is a sodium-sulfur battery.
387 . The device of claim 386 wherein in said sulfur containing battery said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
388 . The device of claim 381 wherein said device is a lithium containing battery of any of Li—AgV 2 O 5 , Li—CF x , Li—CuO, Li—FeS, LI—FeS 2 , Li—I 2 , Li—MnO 2 , Li—MoS 2 , Li—V 2 O 5 , Li—TiS 2 , Li—SOCl 2 and Li—SO 2 .
389 . The device of claim 381 wherein in said lithium containing battery said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
390 . The device of claim 381 wherein said device is a Ni containing battery of any one of Ni—Cd, Ni—H 2 , Ni—Zn Ni—MH and Ni—Fe.
391 . The Ni containing battery of claim 389 wherein in said battery said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
392 . The device of claim 381 wherein said battery is a bipolar battery.
393 . The device of claim 391 in said bi-polar battery said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
394 . A lead-acid battery having a plurality of electrodes therein, said electrode comprising an active material composition and a current collector.
wherein conductive ceramic material is present in at least one of said active material and said current collector, said active material comprising at least one of conductive ceramic powder, conductive ceramic chips, and conductive ceramic foam.
395 . The lead acid battery of claim 394 wherein said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
396 . The lead acid battery of claim 395 wherein said conductive ceramic material is present in said current collector and wherein in said conductive ceramic material comprises conductive ceramic powder.
397 . The device of claim 381 wherein said battery comprises an anode component having a lithium containing material having thermodynamic activity less than that of lithium metal.
398 . The device of claim 395 wherein said battery comprises a cathode component having a material comprising an oxide of manganese.
399 . The device of claim 398 wherein said battery comprises an electrolyte comprising an organic polymer.
400 . The device of claim 397 wherein said anode component compartment comprises a carbon material selected from the group containing graphite and petroleum coke.
401 . A battery which comprises an electrically conducting ceramic material comprising electrically conducting vanadium oxide, wherein said material is any of ceramic conductive chips, ceramic conductive powder, and ceramic conductive foam.
402 . A battery which comprises an electrically conducting ceramic material comprising an oxide selected from the group of Al 2 O 3 coated with metal and ZrO 2 coated with a metal, wherein said material is any of conductive ceramic chips, conductive ceramic powder, and conductive foam.
403 . The device of claim 379 wherein said device is a fuel cell.
404 . The device of claim 403 wherein said fuel cell comprises an electrode having at least one of a current collector and an active paste therein.
405 . The device of claim 404 wherein said conductive ceramic material is present in said current collector.
406 . The device of claim 405 wherein said conductive ceramic material is present in said collector in an amount of about 50% to about 100% by weight of said collector.
407 . The device of claim 406 wherein said material is at least conductive ceramic powder, conductive ceramic chips, and conductive ceramic foam.
408 . The device of claim 407 wherein in said fuel cell said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
409 . The device of claim 404 wherein said conductive ceramic material is present in said active paste.
410 . The device of claim 408 wherein said material is at least conductive ceramic powder, conductive ceramic chips, and conductive ceramic foam.
411 . The device of claim 410 wherein in said fuel cell said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
412 . The device of claim 379 wherein said device is a capacitor.
413 . The device of claim 412 wherein said capacitor is any of multi-layer and ultra capacitors.
414 . The device of claim 413 wherein in said capacitor said conductive ceramic material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
415 . The device of claim 378 wherein said sensor is any of thermal sensors and chemical sensors.
416 . The device of claim 415 wherein said sensor is a thermal sensor comprising conductive ceramic material, said material present as at least one of conductive ceramic powder, conductive ceramic chips, and conductive ceramic foam.
417 . The device of claim 416 wherein said material comprises the composition of claim 47 .
418 . The device of claim 416 wherein said sensor is any of sheets, paper, non woven mat, and woven mat.
419 . The device of claim 415 wherein said sensor is a chemical sensor comprising conductive ceramic material, said material present as at least one of conductive ceramic powder, conductive ceramic chips and conductive ceramic foam.
420 . The device of claim 419 wherein said material comprises the Composition of claim 47 .
421 . The device of claim 420 wherein said sensor is any of sheets, paper, non woven mat, and woven mat.
422 . An electrical energy device capable of at least one of generating electrical energy or storing electrical energy having at least one electrode having conductive ceramic fibers therein, said electrode having a current collector and active material, said fibers having a length of about 10 to about 10,000μ (1μ=10 −6 m) and a length to diameter ratio of about 1 to about 20 wherein said conductive fibers include a metal containing additive, wherein said fibers are present in said active material in an amount of about 0.1 to 30% by weight of said active material.
423 . The electrical energy device of claim 422 wherein said fibers are present in said active material in an amount of about 5 to 20% by weight of said active material.
424 . A battery comprising a cathode, an anode, a current collector, the anode comprising a lithium composition having a lithium thermodynamic activity less than lithium metal.Join the waitlist — get patent alerts
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