Optical coupling module with self-aligned etched grooves and method for fabricating the same

Abstract

The present invention relates to an optical coupling module for optically coupling an optical fiber with an optical waveguide, and a method of fabricating the optical coupling module. In an optical coupling module for optically coupling an optical network with a planar lightwave circuit (PLC), an etched groove for disposition of the optical fiber and an etched groove for mounting of the optical waveguide are exposed using a mask having mask patterns that are aligned with each other, and then anisotropically etched. By doing so, the two grooves can be precisely aligned with each other at one time, compared with a conventional method in which an exposure process is carried out two or more times. Accordingly, an inexpensive structure having high optical coupling efficiency upon manual alignment can be obtained. In addition, since a tapered structure in which an inlet is larger than a body is employed in the optical waveguide, tolerance in vertical and horizontal alignment upon manual alignment can be broaden, resulting in improvement of optical coupling efficiency and facilitation of manual alignment. Furthermore, by utilizing a thick insulation film on the substrate or a thick insulation film of the optical waveguide itself as a board, a structure for allowing assembly into and application to a high-frequency electric-optical circuit can be obtained.

What is claimed is:  
     
         1 . An optical coupling module for optically coupling an optical fiber disposed on one side portion of a substrate with an optical waveguide mounted on the other side portion of the substrate in alignment with the optical fiber, wherein the substrate comprises: 
 a first anisotropically etched groove formed to allow the optical fiber to be disposed therein on the one side portion of the substrate; and    a second anisotropically etched groove formed to communicate with the first anisotropically etched groove, to have the same axis as the first anisotropically etched groove, and to guide a core layer of the optical waveguide to a position aligned with the optical fiber.    
     
     
         2 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein the width of the first anisotropically etched groove is determined by the following formula:  
       
         
           
             
               W 
               = 
               
                 2 
                 * 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       r 
                       
                         sin 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         θ 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       h 
                       
                         tan 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         θ 
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
           
           
               
           
         
         where W is the width of the first anisotropically etched groove, θ is the angle formed between the first anisotropically etched groove and the substrate, r is the radius of a portion of the optical fiber to be disposed in the first anisotropically etched groove, and h is the height of the core layer of the optical fiber from the substrate.  
       
     
     
         3 . The module as claimed in  claim 2 , wherein the depth of the first anisotropically etched groove is equal to or larger than the radius of the optical fiber.  
     
     
         4 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a wafer which is composed of one of Si, GaAs and InP, and of which the crystallographic structure is (001).  
     
     
         5 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein the width of the second anisotropically etched groove is determined to be the width of the core layer of the optical waveguide.  
     
     
         6 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein the optical waveguide comprising a lower clad layer and core layer is formed on the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         7 . The module as claimed in  claim 6 , wherein the optical waveguide further comprises an additional upper clad layer on the core layer.  
     
     
         8 . The module as claimed in  claim 6 , wherein the optical waveguide is a refractive index optical waveguide having a crescent structure in which the core layer is depthwise depressed into the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         9 . The module as claimed in  claim 6 , wherein the lower clad layer is a BCB photosensitive polymer layer.  
     
     
         10 . The module as claimed in  claim 6 , wherein the core layer is a polyimide polymer layer having a refractive index higher than that of the lower clad layer.  
     
     
         11 . The module as claimed in  claim 7 , wherein the upper clad layer is a BCB photosensitive polymer layer.  
     
     
         12 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein an inclined surface of a longitudinal end of the second anisotropically etched groove is saw-cut.  
     
     
         13 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein a metal thin film having good reflectivity is deposited on an inclined surface of a longitudinal end of the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         14 . The module as claimed in  claim 13 , wherein the metal thin film is composed of one of Au, Al, Ag and Ni.  
     
     
         15 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein an inclined surface of the second anisotropically etched groove communicating with the first anisotropically etched groove is saw-cut so that a light introducing portion of the optical waveguide can be vertically processed.  
     
     
         16 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein an insulation film is formed on the substrate.  
     
     
         17 . The module as claimed in  claim 16 , wherein the optical waveguide comprising the core layer is formed on the insulation film of the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         18 . The module as claimed in  claim 17 , wherein the optical waveguide further comprises an upper clad layer formed on the core layer.  
     
     
         19 . The module as claimed in  claim 17 , wherein the optical waveguide is a refractive index optical waveguide having a crescent structure in which the core layer is depthwise depressed into the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         20 . The module as claimed in  claim 17 , wherein the core layer is a BCB photosensitive polymer layer.  
     
     
         21 . The module as claimed in  claim 18 , wherein the upper clad layer is a SiO 2  film having a refractive index lower than that of the core layer.  
     
     
         22 . The module as claimed in  claim 16 , wherein the insulation film has a thickness equal to the depth of the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         23 . The module as claimed in  claim 16 , wherein the insulation film is composed of one of SiO 2 , SiN x  and porous SiO 2 .  
     
     
         24 . The module as claimed in  claim 1 , wherein a section of the second anisotropically etched groove communicating with the first anisotropically etched groove is tapered to be widened toward the communicating portion.  
     
     
         25 . The module as claimed in  claim 24 , wherein the gradient of the tapered portion is {fraction (2/10)} to {fraction (2/1000)}.  
     
     
         26 . A method of fabricating an optical coupling module for optically coupling an optical fiber disposed on one side portion of a substrate with an optical waveguide mounted on the other side portion of the substrate in alignment with the optical fiber, comprising: 
 a first step of forming a mask for anisotropic etching on the substrate;    a second step of forming two mask patterns, which are self-aligned to have a common axis and have different widths, on the mask;    a third step of forming a first anisotropically etched groove in which the optical fiber is disposed and a second anisotropically etched groove in which the optical waveguide is mounted and which communicates with the first anisotropically etched groove by using the two mask patterns; and    a fourth step of mounting the optical waveguide in the second anisotropically etched groove.    
     
     
         27 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the substrate is a wafer which is composed of one of Si, GaAs and InP, and of which crystallographic structure is (001).  
     
     
         28 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the mask is formed by depositing SiO 2  or SiN x  on the substrate using one of a reduced pressure deposition, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and a sputtering method.  
     
     
         29 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the mask includes a compensation pattern in which a  -shaped beam having a predetermined width extends by a predetermined length from a start portion of one mask pattern for forming the second anisotropically etched groove to another mask pattern for forming the first anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         30 . The method as claimed in  claim 29 , wherein the length of the compensation pattern is calculated by the following formula:  
         L   0   =k*H−B {square root}{square root over (3)} where L 0  is the length of the compensation pattern, k is the ratio of a reduction rate of an outer side of the compensation pattern to an etch rate, H is an etch depth, and B is the beam width of the  -shaped compensation pattern.    
     
     
         31 . The method as claimed in  claim 29 , wherein a minimum value of the beam width of the compensation pattern is at least two times as large as undercut produced in the etched groove for disposition of the optical fiber during etching of the etched groove.  
     
     
         32 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the mask pattern is aligned with the substrate such that one side thereof is parallel or perpendicular to a <110> direction of the substrate.  
     
     
         33 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the second step includes the steps of coating photoresist on the entire mask and then forming etch patterns, etching the mask through an exposed window of the photoresist, and removing the photoresist.  
     
     
         34 . The method as claimed in  claim 33 , wherein the photoresist is one of AZ4330, AZ9260 and photoresist having a viscosity higher than those of the former two photoresist.  
     
     
         35 . The method as claimed in  claim 33 , wherein the photoresist is removed by an acetone spray method.  
     
     
         36 . The method as claimed in  claim 33 , wherein the mask is etched by a reactive ion etching method using plasma of a mixture gas of CF 4  and O 2  or an etching method using a buffered oxide etchant.  
     
     
         37 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the width of the mask pattern for forming the first anisotropically etched groove is determined by the following formula:  
       
         
           
             
               W 
               = 
               
                 2 
                 * 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       r 
                       
                         sin 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         θ 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     
                       h 
                       
                         tan 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         θ 
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
           
           
               
           
         
         where W is the width of the first anisotropically etched groove, θ is the angle formed between the first anisotropically etched groove and the substrate, r is the radius of a portion of the optical fiber to be disposed in the first anisotropically etched groove, and h is the height of the core layer of the optical fiber from the substrate.  
       
     
     
         38 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the width of the mask pattern for forming the second anisotropically etched groove is determined as the width of the core layer of the optical waveguide.  
     
     
         39 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the third step is performed in KOH or EDP solution.  
     
     
         40 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the third step is performed until the depth of the first anisotropically etched groove becomes larger than the radius of the optical fiber.  
     
     
         41 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the fourth step of mounting the optical waveguide further comprises the steps of sequentially forming a lower clad layer of photosensitive polymer and a core layer of photosensitive polymer having a refractive index higher than that of the lower clad layer on the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         42 . The method as claimed in  claim 41 , wherein the step of forming the lower clad layer and core layer further comprises the steps of coating photosensitive polymer on the substrate on which the two anisotropically etched grooves are formed, exposing to ultraviolet rays a portion of the photosensitive polymer on the second anisotropically etched groove on which the optical waveguide is formed, and developing the photosensitive polymer with a developer and curing the developed photosensitive polymer.  
     
     
         43 . The method as claimed in  claim 31 , wherein the lower clad layer is composed of BCB photosensitive polymer, and the core layer is composed of polyimide photosensitive polymer.  
     
     
         44 . The method as claimed in  claim 41 , wherein the fourth step of mounting the optical waveguide further comprises the steps of forming an upper clad layer of photosensitive polymer having a refractive index lower than that of the core layer, on the core layer.  
     
     
         45 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the fourth step is carried out after the two anisotropically etched grooves have been formed and an inclined surface of a longitudinal end of the second anisotropically etched groove is saw-cut.  
     
     
         46 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the fourth step is carried out after the two anisotropically etched grooves have been formed and a metal thin film having good reflectivity is deposited on an inclined surface of a longitudinal end of the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         47 . The method as claimed in  claim 46 , wherein the metal thin film is composed of one of Au, Al, Ag and Ni.  
     
     
         48 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the fourth step is carried out after the two anisotropically etched grooves have been formed and an inclined surface of the second anisotropically etched groove communicating with the first anisotropically etched groove is saw-cut so that a light introducing portion of the optical waveguide can be vertically processed.  
     
     
         49 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein a section of the mask pattern for forming the second anisotropically etched groove communicating with the first anisotropically etched groove is tapered to be widened toward the communicating portion.  
     
     
         50 . The method as claimed in  claim 49 , wherein the gradient of the tapered portion is {fraction (2/10)} to {fraction (2/1000)}.  
     
     
         51 . The method as claimed in  claim 26 , wherein the fourth step is carried out after the two anisotropically etched grooves have been formed and the mask is removed.  
     
     
         52 . The method as claimed in  claim 51 , wherein the mask is removed with a dilute aqueous etchant.  
     
     
         53 . The method as claimed in  claim 51 , wherein the fourth step of mounting the optical waveguide further comprises the steps of forming an insulation film on the entire substrate on which the two anisotropically etched grooves are formed, and forming the core layer of photosensitive polymer on the insulation film of the second anisotropically etched groove.  
     
     
         54 . The method as claimed in  claim 53 , wherein the insulation film is composed of one of SiO 2 , SiN x  and porous SiO 2 .  
     
     
         55 . The method as claimed in  claim 54 , wherein the step of forming the insulation film comprises the step of forming an oxide film on the substrate by a wet or dry oxidation method, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method, a spin coating method or a sputtering method.  
     
     
         56 . The method as claimed in  claim 54 , wherein the step of forming the insulation film comprises the step of growing a porous silicon layer on the substrate with an anodization reaction in an aqueous etchant and then oxidizing it by a wet or dry oxidation method in an oxidation furnace, thereby forming an oxide film.  
     
     
         57 . The method as claimed in  claim 54 , wherein the step of forming the core layer comprises the steps of coating photosensitive polymer on the substrate on which the two anisotropically etched grooves are formed, exposing to ultraviolet rays a portion of the photosensitive polymer on the second anisotropically etched groove on which the optical waveguide is formed, and developing the photosensitive polymer with a developer and curing the developed photosensitive polymer.  
     
     
         58 . The method as claimed in  claim 57 , wherein the core layer is composed of BCB photosensitive polymer.  
     
     
         59 . The method as claimed in  claim 53 , wherein the step of mounting the optical waveguide further comprises the step of forming an upper clad layer of photosensitive polymer having a refractive index lower than that of the core layer, on the core layer.  
     
     
         60 . The method as claimed in  claim 59 , wherein the upper clad layer is a SiO 2  layer formed by a chemical vapor deposition method or a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method.  
     
     
         61 . A method of forming a first broad anisotropically etched groove and a second narrow anisotropically etched groove which communicate with each other by using two mask patterns which are self-aligned to have a common axis on a substrate and have different widths, comprising the steps of; 
 forming a mask for anisotropic etching including a compensation pattern in which a  -shaped beam having a predetermined width extends by a predetermined length from a start portion of one mask pattern for forming the second anisotropically etched groove to another mask pattern for forming the first etched groove; and    anisotropically etching the substrate by using the mask.    
     
     
         62 . The method as claimed in  claim 61 , wherein the length of the compensation pattern is calculated by the following formula:  
         L   0   =k*H−B {square root}{square root over (3)} where L 0  is the length of the compensation pattern, k is the ratio of a reduction rate of an outer side of the compensation pattern to an etch rate, H is an etch depth, and B is the beam width of the  -shaped compensation pattern.    
     
     
         63 . The method as claimed in  claim 61 , wherein a minimum value of the beam width of the compensation pattern is at least two times as large as undercut produced in the etched groove for disposition of the optical fiber during etching of the etched groove.