Components for producing amphoteric liposomes

Abstract

The invention suggests amphoteric lipids wherein one or more amphoteric groups having an isoelectric point between 4 and 9 are substituted on a membranous or membrane-forming amphiphilic substance, as well as liposomes containing such compounds.

1 . An amphoteric lipid, which lipid has an isoelectric point between 4.5 and 8.5, according to general formula (I):  
         Amphoteric substance-Y-spacer-amphiphilic substance  (I)  characterized in that    (a) the amphoteric substance has at least one portion of cationic charge with a pK a  value between 4 and 8 and/or at least one portion of anionic charge with a pK a  value between 3 and 7 and optionally additional charge carriers, 
 aa) said portion of cationic charge being selected from the group comprising imidazole, morpholine, piperazine, purine, pyridine and/or pyrimidine or derivatives thereof,  
 bb) said portion of anionic charge being a carboxyl group which comprises acetic acid, bromoacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, acetoacetic acid, propionic acid, acrylic acid, butyric acid, crotonic acid, or carboxylic acids bound in the aliphatic chain; which comprises dicarboxylic acids that are mono-esterified or amidated or bound in the aliphatic chain; which comprises oligocarboxylic acids that are mono-esterified or amidated or bound in the aliphatic chain,  
   (b) the spacer is a lower alkyl residue with up to 8 C atoms, with linear, branched or cyclic structure, with 0, 1 or 2 ethylenically unsaturated bonds, and 0-4 hydroxyl groups,    (c) Y comprises —(C═O)—O—; —(C═O)—NH—; —NH—(C═O)—O—; —O—; —NH—; —CH═N—; —O—(O═C)—; —S—; —(O═C)—; —NH—(O═C)—; —O—(O═C)—NH—, —N═CH— and/or —S—S—,    (d) the amphiphilic substance is a structure according to general formula (II) or (III) or (IV):                          R 1  and R 2  independently are C 8 -C 30  alkyl or acyl chains with 0, 1 or 2 ethylenically unsaturated bonds, and    X is selected from the group comprising —O—(C═O); —NH—(C═O)—; —S—(C═O)—; —O—; —NH—; —S—; —N═CH—; —(O═C)—O—; —S—(O═C)—; —NH—(O═C)—; —N═CH— and/or —S—S—; or                          R 1  and R 2  independently are C 8 -C 30  acyl chains with 0, 1 or 2 ethylenically unsaturated bonds, and    X is —O—; or                          R 1  and R 2  independently are C 8 -C 30  alkyl chains with 0, 1 or 2 ethylenically unsaturated bonds, and    X is absent or selected from the group consisting of —(C═O)—O—; —(C═O)—NH—; —(C═O)—S—; —NH—; —CH═N—; and/or —S—(O═C)—;    (e) the amphiphilic substance is a 1,4- or 1,5-dicarboxylic acid such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, aconitic acid, citraconic acid and/or maleic acid esterified with linear C 8 -C 30  alcohols, and/or    (f) the amphiphilic substance is a 1,4- or 1,5-diamine of 3-aminoalanine, diaminobutyric acid, ornithine, or lysine amidated with linear C 8 -C 30  fatty acids.    
     
     
         2 . The lipid according to  claim 1 , characterized in that the dicarboxylic acid is selected from the group comprising oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, caprylic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid and/or cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, and/or the oligocarboxylic acid is selected from the group comprising citric acid, isocitric acid and/or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.  
     
     
         3 . The lipid according  claim 1 , characterized in that the amphoteric lipid has an isoelectric point between 5 and 7.  
     
     
         4 . The lipid according to  claim 1 , characterized in that the pK a  values of the portions of cationic and anionic charge in the amphoteric substance are 2 pH units apart at maximum.  
     
     
         5 . The lipid according to  claim 1 , characterized in that the portion of cationic charge of the amphoteric substance comprises imidazole, piperazine, morpholine and the portion of anionic charge comprises the carboxyl group.  
     
     
         6 . The lipid according to  claim 1 , characterized in that the amphoteric substance is a peptide with 2-6 amino acids selected from the group consisting of histidine, arginine, lysine, glutamic acid and/or aspartic acid,  
       wherein 
 i) the percentage of His and Asp/Glu does not exceed 66%,  
 ii) the percentage of Arg/Lys is smaller than 50% and that of Asp/Glu higher than 50%, or  
 iii) the percentage of His and Arg/Lys is smaller than/equal to 33% and that of Asp/Glu is higher than that of Arg/Lys.  
 
     
     
         7 . The lipid according to  claim 1 , characterized in that the amphiphilic substance is selected from the group consisting of diacylglycerols, dialkylglycerols, phosphoglycerols, acylated or alkylated 3-amino-1,2-propanediols and/or N,N-dialkylamines.  
     
     
         8 . The lipid according to  claim 1 , characterized in that the spacer is a sugar or a polyethylene glycol with up to 20 monomer units.  
     
     
         9 . An amphoteric lipid, which lipid has the structure  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein the long-chain amphiphilic substances independently comprise lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl, oleoyl and linoleoyl residues.  
     
     
         10 . An amphoteric lipid, which lipid has the structure  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein the long-chain amphiphilic substances independently comprise 
 a) lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl, oleoyl or linoleoyl residues, or  
 b) lauryl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, oleyl or linoleyl residues.  
 
     
     
         11 . An amphoteric lipid, which lipid has the structure  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein the long-chain amphiphilic substances independently comprise 
 a) lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl, oleoyl or linoleoyl residues, or  
 b) lauryl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, oleyl or linoleyl residues.  
 
     
     
         12 . An amphoteric lipid, which lipid has the structure  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein the long-chain amphiphilic substances independently comprise lauryl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, oleyl or linoleyl residues.  
     
     
         13 . An amphoteric lipid, which lipid has the structure  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein the long-chain amphiphilic substances comprise lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl, oleoyl or linoleoyl residues.  
     
     
         14 . Liposomes comprising the amphoteric lipids according to  claim 1 .  
     
     
         15 . The liposomes according to  claim 1 , characterized in that the liposomes comprise 50 mole-% of amphoteric lipid at maximum, preferably 2 to 50 mole-%, more preferably 10 to 40 mole-%.  
     
     
         16 . The liposomes according to  claim 14 , characterized in that the liposomes comprise phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diacylglycerol, tetraether lipid and/or PEG lipid.  
     
     
         17 . The liposomes according to  claim 14 , characterized in that the liposomes have an average size between 50 and 1000 nm, preferably between 50 and 300 nm, and more preferably between 60 and 130 nm.  
     
     
         18 . The liposomes according to  claim 14 , characterized in that the liposomes comprise an active substance.  
     
     
         19 . The liposomes according to  claim 14 , characterized in that the active substance is a protein, a peptide, a DNA, an RNA, an antisense nucleotide and/or a decoy nucleotide.  
     
     
         20 . The liposomes according to  claim 18 , characterized in that at least 50 μg, preferably more than 90 μg, and more preferably more than 150 μg of active substance per mg lipid is entrapped inside the liposome.  
     
     
         21 . A method of loading the liposomes according to  claim 14  with active substance, characterized in that a binding pH value for encapsulation of an active substance and a second pH value for removal of unbound active substance is used.  
     
     
         22 . Liposomes, produced according to the method of  claim 21 .  
     
     
         23 . A method of loading the liposomes according to  claim 14  with active substance, characterized in that the liposomes are made permeable at a specific pH value and sealed thereafter.  
     
     
         24 . Use of the liposomes according to  claim 14  in the production of nanocapsules.  
     
     
         25 . Use of the liposomes according to  claim 14  in the production of release systems for use in diagnostics.  
     
     
         26 . Use of the liposomes according to  claim 14  for transporting and releasing active substances.  
     
     
         27 . Use of the liposomes according to  claim 14  as a depot formulation and/or as a circulative depot.  
     
     
         28 . Use of the liposomes according to  claim 14  as a vector to transfect cells in vivo, in vitro and/or ex vivo.  
     
     
         29 . An in vivo transfection system, characterized in that said system includes the liposomes according to  claim 14  loaded with genetic material.  
     
     
         30 . An in vivo transfection system, characterized in that said system comprises liposomes loaded with genetic material, said liposomes including amphoteric lipids according to formula  
         Amphoteric substance-Y-spacer-amphiphilic substance  (I)  wherein    (a) the amphoteric substance has at least one portion of cationic charge with a pK a  value between 4 and 8 and/or at least one portion of anionic charge with a pK a  value between 3 and 7 and optionally additional charge carriers, 
 aa) said portion of cationic charge being selected from the group comprising imidazole, morpholine, piperazine, purine, pyridine and/or pyrimidine or derivatives thereof,  
 bb) said portion of anionic charge being a carboxyl group which comprises acetic acid, bromoacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, acetoacetic acid, propionic acid, acrylic acid, butyric acid, crotonic acid, or carboxylic acids bound in the aliphatic chain; which comprises dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, caprylic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid or cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, mono-esterified or amidated or bound in the aliphatic chain; which comprises oligocarboxylic acids such as citric acid, isocitric acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, mono-esterified or amidated or bound in the aliphatic chain,  
   (b) the spacer is a lower alkyl residue with up to 8 C atoms, with linear, branched or cyclic structure, with 0, 1 or 2 ethylenically unsaturated bonds, and 0-4 hydroxyl groups,    (c) Y comprises —(C═O)—O—; —(C═O)—NH—; —NH—(C═O)—O—; —O—; —NH—; —CH═N—; —O—(O═C)—; —S—; —(O═C)—; —NH—(O═C)—; —O—(O═C)—NH—, —N═CH— and/or —S—S—,    (d) the amphiphilic substance is a structure according to general formula (V)                        R 1  and R 2  independently are C 8 -C 30  alkyl with 0, 1 or 2 ethylenically unsaturated bonds, and    X is selected from the group of —O—; —NH—; —S—.      
     
     
         31 . The in vivo transfection system according to  claim 30 , characterized in that the amphiphilic substance is a structure according to formula (VI):  
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         R is C 8 -C 30  alkyl with 0, 1 or 2 ethylenically unsaturated bonds, and  
         X is selected from the group of —O—; —NH—; —S—.  
       
     
     
         32 . Use of the in vivo transfection system according to  claim 29  as a vector to transfect cells in vivo, in vitro and/or ex vivo.  
     
     
         33 . Use of the in vivo transfection system according to  claim 30  as a vector to transfect cells in vivo, in vitro and/or ex vivo.  
     
     
         34 . Use of the liposomes according to  claim 14  in intravenous and/or peritoneal applications.