US2005210739A1PendingUtilityA1

Blends of synthetic distillate and biodiesel for low nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel engines

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Assignee: PENN STATE RES FOUNDPriority: Mar 9, 2004Filed: Mar 9, 2005Published: Sep 29, 2005
Est. expiryMar 9, 2024(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
Inventors:Etop EsenAndré Louis BoehmanDavid Morris
C10L 10/02C10L 1/1826C10L 1/1616C10L 1/18C10L 1/19Y02E50/10C10L 1/191C10L 1/026C10L 1/14C10L 1/1802
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Claims

Abstract

This invention shows how to make and use a biodiesel-based fuel in diesel engines without incurring the NO x penalty. Embodiments primarily relate to an optimum range of bulk modulus of compressibility for biodiesel blends, which results in generating “NO x neutral” biodiesel blends or to formulate biodiesel blends with lower NOx emissions than conventional petroleum diesel fuel. These biodiesel blends preferably comprise synthetic paraffinic middle distillate derived from a hydrocarbon synthesis to generate synthetic environmentally-friendly diesel fuels.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
1 . A synthetic diesel fuel or diesel fuel blendstock characterized by producing low sulfur and NOx emissions when used in compression ignition engines, the synthetic diesel fuel comprising 
 a mixture of a synthetic middle distillate and a liquid biofuel, said mixture being characterized by: 
 a sulfur level less than 20 ppm sulfur;  
 a specific gravity equal to or less than 0.84;  
 a bulk modulus of compressibility measured at 15 MPa and 37° C. between about 1300 MPa and about 1600 MPa; and  
 a cetane number greater than 55.  
   
     
     
         2 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the synthetic middle distillate is characterized by a sulfur content less than 10 ppm sulfur and by a specific gravity less than about 0.8.  
     
     
         3 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the synthetic middle distillate is characterized by a cetane number greater than 70.  
     
     
         4 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 2  wherein the synthetic middle distillate is characterized by a cetane number greater than 75.  
     
     
         5 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the synthetic middle distillate is characterized by a paraffin content greater than 90 percent by weight.  
     
     
         6 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the synthetic middle distillate is characterized by a Bromine number of less than 0.1 gBr/100 g.  
     
     
         7 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the synthetic middle distillate is characterized by an aromatics content of less than about 1 percent by weight.  
     
     
         8 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the synthetic middle distillate is characterized by a boiling range having a 5% boiling point between about 170° C. and about 210° C. and a 95% boiling point between about 320° C. and about 350° C.  
     
     
         9 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel has a sulfur content less than 30 ppm sulfur.  
     
     
         10 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, alkyl esters of vegetable oils, mixtures of alkyl esters of fatty acids, and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         11 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises a mixture of alkyl esters of fatty acids.  
     
     
         12 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises an alkyl ester of a vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of canola oil, soybean oil, cotton oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         13 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises an alkyl ester of a vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of canola oil, soybean oil, and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         14 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the amount of liquid biofuel comprises between about 1 percent by volume and 45 percent by volume of the diesel fuel.  
     
     
         15 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the amount of liquid biofuel comprises between about 1 percent by volume and 20 percent by volume of the diesel fuel.  
     
     
         16 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the amount of liquid biofuel comprises between about 20 percent by volume and 45 percent by volume of the diesel fuel.  
     
     
         17 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the synthetic middle distillate is derived from synthesis gas.  
     
     
         18 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises a total glycerin content less than 0.24 percent by weight of glycerin.  
     
     
         19 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel has a flash point greater than 100° C.  
     
     
         20 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel has an alcohol content less than 10 percent by weight.  
     
     
         21 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the liquid biofuel has a kinematic viscosity at 40° C. between about 1.9 mm 2 /s and about 6 mm 2 /s.  
     
     
         22 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the synthetic diesel has a cetane number greater than about 60.  
     
     
         23 . The synthetic diesel according to  claim 1  wherein the mixture of the synthetic middle distillate and the liquid biofuel comprises more than 90 vol. % of the synthetic diesel.  
     
     
         24 . A synthetic environmentally-friendly diesel fuel that produces reduced sulfur and NO x  emissions when used in compression ignition engines, comprising: 
 a synthetic liquid distillate characterized by a cetane number greater than 70, by a sulfur content less than 10 ppm sulfur; by a paraffin content greater than 90 percent by weight; and by a specific gravity less than about 0.8; and    a liquid biofuel characterized by a sulfur content less than 30 ppm sulfur and a specific gravity greater than about 0.86, wherein the liquid biofuel is derived from a compound selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, animal greases, vegetable oil wastes, microalgae oils, and combinations thereof;    wherein the liquid biofuel is blended with said synthetic liquid fuel so as to form a synthetic diesel fuel, and    wherein the synthetic diesel fuel has a bulk modulus of compressibility measured at 15 MPa and 37.8° C. between about 1300 MPa and about 1600 MPa; a sulfur content less than 20 ppmS; and a specific gravity below 0.84.    
     
     
         25 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, alkyl esters of vegetable oils, mixtures of alkyl esters of fatty acids, and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         26 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises a mixture of alkyl esters of fatty acids.  
     
     
         27 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises an alkyl ester of a vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of canola oil, soybean oil, cotton oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         28 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises an alkyl ester of a vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of canola oil, soybean oil, and combinations thereof.  
     
     
         29 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the synthetic diesel fuel comprises between about 1 percent by volume and 45 percent by volume of the liquid biofuel.  
     
     
         30 . The diesel fuel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the synthetic diesel fuel comprises between about 1 percent by volume and 20 percent by volume of the liquid biofuel.  
     
     
         31 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the synthetic diesel fuel comprises between about 20 percent by volume and 45 percent by volume of the liquid biofuel.  
     
     
         32 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the synthetic liquid distillate is derived from synthesis gas.  
     
     
         33 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the synthetic liquid distillate is characterized by a boiling range having a 5% boiling point between about 170° C. and about 210° C. and a 95% boiling point between about 320° C. and about 350° C.  
     
     
         34 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the liquid biofuel comprises a total glycerin content less than 0.24 percent by weight of glycerin.  
     
     
         35 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the liquid biofuel has a flash point greater than 100° C.  
     
     
         36 . The diesel fuel according to  claim 24  wherein the liquid biofuel has an alcohol content less than 10 percent by weight.

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