Clathrate of chlorine dioxide

Abstract

A clathrate is provided that includes chlorine dioxide. The clathrate is effective for entrapping chlorine dioxide to provide a dry solid material. The clathrate is formed as a reaction product of saccharides, organic acids, and the addition of chlorine dioxide and enhancers.

1 . A clathrate comprising ClO 2 .  
   
   
       2 . The clathrate of  claim 1 , wherein the clathrate includes at least 0.1 weight % ClO 2 , based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       3 . The clathrate of  claim 2 , wherein the clathrate includes from 0.1 to 10 weight % ClO 2 , based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       4 . The clathrate of  claim 3 , wherein the clathrate includes from 0.4 to 3 weight % ClO 2 , based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       5 . The clathrate of  claim 1 , wherein the clathrate is a reaction product of a compound selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and mixtures thereof and organic acid.  
   
   
       6 . The clathrate of  claim 5 , wherein the monosaccharide is selected from the group consisting of glucose, ribose, fructose, galactose, sorbose, tagalose, allose, altrose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       7 . The clathrate of  claim 6 , wherein the clathrate includes at least 9 weight percent monosaccharide, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       8 . The clathrate of  claim 6 , wherein the clathrate includes from 9 to 74.5 weight % monosaccharide, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       9 . The clathrate of  claim 8 , wherein the clathrate includes from 20 to 70 weight % monosaccharide, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       10 . The clathrate of  claim 6 , wherein the monosaccharide is glucose.  
   
   
       11 . The clathrate of  claim 5 , wherein the disaccharide is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, maltose, lactose and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       12 . The clathrate of  claim 5 , wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, boric acid and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       13 . The clathrate of  claim 5 , wherein the clathrate includes at least 25 weight percent organic acid, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       14 . The clathrate of  claim 5 , wherein the clathrate includes from 25 to 80 weight % organic acid, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       15 . The clathrate of  claim 12 , wherein the organic acid is citric acid.  
   
   
       16 . The clathrate of  claim 5 , wherein the polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, starch and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       17 . The clathrate of  claim 1 , wherein the organic acid/saccharide blend is further blended with 0 to 4 weight percent surfactant, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       18 . The clathrate of  claim 17 , wherein the surfactant is Tergitol or Triton.  
   
   
       19 . The clathrate of  claim 1 , wherein the organic acid/saccharide blend is further blended with 0 to 3 weight percent EDTA, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       20 . The clathrate of  claim 1 , wherein the clathrate is coated with a polymer.  
   
   
       21 . A clathrate of  claim 1 , wherein a solvent consisting of alcohols, ethers, oils and mixtures thereof is added to increase the concentration of ClO 2  in the clathrate.  
   
   
       22 . A method for forming a clathrate of ClO 2 , the method comprising: 
 blending at least 25 weight percent organic acid, based on the weight of the clathrate, with a saccharide to form a organic acid/saccharide blend; and    contacting the organic acid/saccharide blend with a source of ClO 2 .    
   
   
       23 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the source of ClO 2  is ClO 2  gas.  
   
   
       24 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the source of ClO 2  is a salt of ClO x , where x is 1, 2, 3 or 4.  
   
   
       25 . The method of  claim 24 , wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Ca, Mg and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       26 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the method is effective for providing a clathrate includes at least 0.1 weight % ClO 2 , based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       27 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the clathrate includes from 0.1 to 10 weight % ClO 2 , based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       28 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the clathrate includes from 0.4 to 3 weight % ClO 2 , based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       29 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the saccharide is selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and mixtures thereof and organic acid.  
   
   
       30 . The method of  claim 29 , wherein the monosaccharide is selected from the group consisting of glucose, ribose, fructose, galactose, sorbose, tagalose, allose, altrose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       31 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein the clathrate includes at least 9 weight percent monosaccharide, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       32 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein the clathrate includes from 9 to 74.5 weight % monosaccharide, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       33 . The method of  claim 32 , wherein the clathrate includes from 20 to 70 weight % monosaccharide, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       34 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein the monosaccharide is glucose.  
   
   
       35 . The method of  claim 29 , wherein the disaccharide is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, maltose, lactose and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       36 . The method of  claim 29 , wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, boric acid and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       37 . The clathrate of  claim 29 , wherein the clathrate includes at least 25 weight percent organic acid, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       38 . The method of  claim 29 , wherein 25 to 80 weight % organic acid is blended with saccharide and organic acid.  
   
   
       39 . The method of  claim 36 , wherein the organic acid is citric acid.  
   
   
       40 . The method of  claim 29 , wherein the polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, starch, and mixtures thereof.  
   
   
       41 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the organic acid/saccharide blend is further blended with 0 to 4 weight percent surfactant, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       42 . The method of  claim 41 , wherein the surfactant is Tergitol or Triton.  
   
   
       43 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the organic acid/saccharide blend is further blended with 0 to 3 weight percent EDTA, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       44 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the clathrate is coated with a polymer.  
   
   
       45 . A method of  claim 22 , wherein a solvent consisting of absolute alcohols, ethers, oils and mixtures thereof is added to increase the concentration of ClO 2  in the clathrate.  
   
   
       46 . A method of  claim 22 , wherein a desiccant is added to the ClO 2  to remove water during storage.  
   
   
       47 . A method for treating an aqueous composition, the method comprising contacting the aqueous composition with a clathrate of ClO 2 , the method effective for reducing a microbial count in the aqueous composition by at least five logs.  
   
   
       48 . The method of  claim 47 , wherein the clathrate of ClO 2  is effective for providing a concentration of ClO 2  in the aqueous composition of at least 0.2 ppm.  
   
   
       49 . A method of  claim 47 , wherein ClO 2  gas is released from the clathrate structure by heating in excess of 37° C.  
   
   
       50 . A method of  claim 47 , wherein ClO 2  gas is released from the clathrate structure by dissolution in water or an aqueous containing media.  
   
   
       51 . A method of  claim 47 , wherein ClO 2  gas is released from the clathrate at a water level of at least 0.5 weight percent, based on the weight of the clathrate.  
   
   
       52 . A method for forming a ClO 2  comprising: 
 irradiating a xClO 2  solution with a UV source for a time and intensity effective for forming ClO 2 , wherein x is Na, K, Ca or Mg; and    recovering ClO 2  with aeration.    
   
   
       53 . The method of  claim 52 , wherein the UV irradiation has an intensity of at least 263 nm at 60 microamps at 5000V.  
   
   
       54 . A method for forming ClO 2  comprising: 
 combining a stream of RClO 2  and an acid stream in an amount effective for providing an R ion concentration equivalent to an acid concentration, wherein R is Na, K, Ca or Mg;    irradiating the streams with a UV source for a time effective for forming ClO 2 ;    removing the UV source from the streams; and    recovering ClO 2 .    
   
   
       55 . The method of  claim 54 , wherein UV irradiation is applied for at least one minute.  
   
   
       56 . The method of  claim 54 , wherein the UV irradiation has an intensity of at least 4,000 microowatts/square centimeter.