Fuel composition having a fuel, water, a high molecular weight emulsifier, and a surfactant including natural fats, non-ionic and ionic surfactants, co-surfactants, fatty acids and their amine salts, or combinations thereof

Abstract

The invention provides an emulsified water in oil composition comprising: A) a fuel; B) a water; C) a high molecular weight emulsifier; D) a surfactant having a molecular weight of about less than or equal to about 950 g/mol wherein the surfactant comprises: i) natural fats; ii) non-ionic and ionic surfactants; iii) co-surfactant; iv) fatty acids and their amine salts; or v) combinations thereof; and E) optionally ammonium nitrate.

1 . An emulsified water in oil composition comprising: 
 A) a fuel;    B) a water;    C) a high molecular weight emulsifier;    D) a surfactant having a molecular weight of about less than or equal to about 950 g/mol wherein the surfactant comprises: 
 i) natural fats;  
 ii) fatty acids and their amine salts; or  
 iii) combinations thereof; and  
   E) optionally ammonium nitrate.    
   
   
       2 . The composition of  claim 2  wherein a fuel is in the range of about 50% to about 99% by weight of the composition; the water is in the range of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the composition; the emulsifier is in the range of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the composition; and the surfactant in the range of about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of the composition.  
   
   
       3 . (canceled)  
   
   
       4 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the fuel is a diesel fuel.  
   
   
       5 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the water in oil composition is an emulsified water blended fuel and wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of Fischer-Tropsch fuels, petroleum distillate fuel, diesel, gasoline, fuel oil, vegetable sources, shale, coal, a biodegradable fuel; biodiesel; residual fuel; bitumen; alcohol; ether; ethanol; and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       6 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the surfactant has a low molecular weight in the range of about 900 g/mol to about 30 g/mol.  
   
   
       7 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the surfactant has a low molecular weight in the range of about 400 g/mol to about 90 g/mol.  
   
   
       8 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the surfactant is in the range of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the water in oil composition.  
   
   
       9 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the natural fat surfactant is selected from the group consisting of triglycerides, hydrolyzed triglycerides, oxidized products of triglycerides, vegetable oils, refined vegetable oils, used vegetable oils and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       10 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the surfactants are amides derived from fatty acids, amides derived from fatty alcohols, ethers alcohols, fatty alcohols, esters of fatty acids ethers of fatty acides, esters of fatty alcohols and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       11 . (canceled)  
   
   
       12 . (canceled)  
   
   
       13 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the surfactants are selected from the group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, coconut acid, coconut oil, oleic acid, tall oil fatty acid, linoleic acid, soybean oil, apricot kernel oil, wheat germ oil, monocarboxylic fatty acids, triglycerides, and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       14 . (canceled)  
   
   
       15 . (canceled)  
   
   
       16 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the fatty acids and their amine salt surfactants are selected from the group consisting of diethyl ethanolamine salts of oleic acid, tall oil fatty acids, stearic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       17 . A process for making a water in oil composition comprising shearing; 
 A) a fuel in the range of about 50% to about 99% by weight of the composition;    B) a water at less than 1% by weight of the compositionin the range of about 1% to 50% by weight of the composition;    C) a high molecular weight emulsifier in the range of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the composition;    D) a low molecular weight surfactants in the range of about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of the composition wherein the surfactant comprises natural fat; fatty acids and their amine salts; and combinations thereof and wherein the shearing mixing occurs at a shear rate in the range of less than or equal to 50,000 s −1 ; and    E) optionally ammonium nitrate.    
   
   
       18 . The process of  claim 17  wherein the shear rate in the range of about 20,000 s −1  to about 1 s −1 .  
   
   
       19 . The process of  claim 17  wherein the shear rate is in the range of about 1,000 s −1  to about 1 s −1 .  
   
   
       20 . The process of  claim 17  wherein the water in oil composition is an emulsified water in fuel and wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of petroleum distillate fuel such as diesel, gasoline, fuel oil and a mixture thereof, a fuel derived from vegetables, corn, alfalfa, rapeseed, soybeans, shale, coal and mixtures thereof, a biodegradable fuel, biodiesel, residual fuel, bitumen, alcohol, ether, ethanol and combinations thereof.  
   
   
       21 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the emulsifier is selected from the group consisting of 
 A) at least one fuel-soluble product made by reacting at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid acylating agent with ammonia or an amine including but not limited to alkanol amine, hydroxy amine, and the like, the hydrocarbyl substituent of said acylating agent having about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms;    B) a second acylating agent having at least one hydrocarbyl substituents of up to about 40 carbon atoms, and reacting that said acylating agent with ammonia or an amine;    C) a water-soluble compound selected from the group consisting of amine salts, ammonium salts, azide salt, nitrate ester salt, alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or mixtures thereof in combination with A, B, D, E, F or G;    D) the reaction product of polyacidic polymer with at least one fuel soluble product made by reacting at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid acylating agent with ammonia, an amine, a polyamine, an alkanol amine or hydroxy amines;    G) the combination of (A), (B), (C), (D) or combinations thereof.    
   
   
       22 . The composition of  claim 1  wherein the water in oil composition is an emulsified fuel used to operate an apparatus selected from the group consisting of an engine, an open flame burner, and an internal combustion engine.  
   
   
       23 . A process for making a water in oil composition comprising shearing; 
 A) a fuel in the range of about 50% to about 99% by weight of the composition;    B) a water in the range of less than about 1% by weight of the composition;    C) a high molecular weight emulsifier in the range of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the composition;    D) a surfactant having a molecular weight of about less than or equal to about 950 g/mol in the range of about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of the composition wherein the surfactant comprises natural fat; fatty acids and their amine salts; and combinations thereof and wherein the shearing mixing occurs at a shear rate in the range of less than or equal to 50,000 s −1 ; and    E) optionally ammonium nitrate.    
   
   
       24 . The process of  claim 23  wherein the water is in the range of about 0.01% to less than 1% by weight of the composition.  
   
   
       25 . A process for making a water in oil composition comprising shearing; 
 A) a fuel in the range of about 50% to about 99% by weight of the composition;    B) a water in the range of less than about 1% by weight of the composition;    C) a high molecular weight emulsifier in the range of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the composition; and    D) a surfactant having a molecular weight of about less than or equal to about 950 g/mol in the range of about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of the composition wherein the surfactant comprises natural fat; fatty acids and their amine salts; and combinations thereof and wherein the shearing mixing occurs at a shear rate in the range of less than or equal to 50,000 s −1 .    
   
   
       26 . (canceled)