Energy device

Abstract

An energy device with high input/output characteristics and superior characteristics particularly at low temperature. The energy device stores and releases electric energy by means of a faradaic reaction mechanism based mainly on the alteration of the oxidation state of an active material whereby charges move into the active material, and a non-faradaic reaction based mainly on the physical adsorption and separation of ions on the surface of an active material for storing or releasing charges. The output characteristics at low temperature are improved by employing at least two kinds of faradaic reaction mechanism, namely, one with low reaction rate and the other with high reaction rate, which is mainly based on the alteration of the oxide state of an active material for the transfer of charges into the active material via an electrode interface.

1 . An energy device comprising a positive-electrode and a negative-electrode for storing electricity by means of a faradaic reaction and a non-faradaic reaction, and an electrolytic solution containing a solvent in which mobile ion is stored, which solvent is represented by the following formula (Formula 1):  
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R 1  to R 10  are hydrogen, fluorine, or a methyl or methoxy group, which may all be the same or different from one another.  
   
   
       2 . The energy device according to  claim 1 , wherein the solvent represented by Formula 1 is 1, 1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluorocyclopentane.  
   
   
       3 . The energy device according to  claim 1 , comprising the solvent represented by Formula 1 and at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, γ-butyrolactone, α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone, α-methoxy-γ-butyrolactone, dioxolan, sulfolane, or ethylene sulfite.  
   
   
       4 . The energy device according to  claim 1 , wherein the negative-electrode of the device contains graphite carbon as a substance for storing electricity by a faradaic reaction.  
   
   
       5 . The energy device according to  claim 1 , wherein the positive-electrode contains, as a substance for storing electricity by a faradaic reaction, a compound oxide represented by LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2  (x+y+z=1) or Li and one or a plurality of kinds of transition metals, such as Co, Ni, and/or Mn, or a compound with the olivine structure represented by LiMePO 4  (where Me is Fe, Co, or Cr).  
   
   
       6 . The energy device according to  claim 1 , wherein activated charcoal carbon material is used as a material for storing electricity by a non-faradaic reaction.  
   
   
       7 . The energy device according to  claim 1 , wherein the electrolytic solution contains at least one type of lithium salt selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSO 2 CF 3 , LiN [SO 2 CF 3 ] 2 , LiN [SO 2 CF 2 CF 3 ] 2 , LiB [OCOCF 3 ] 4 , or LiB [OCOCF 2 CF 3 ] 4 .  
   
   
       8 . The energy device according to  claim 7 , comprising a quaternary onium cation salt represented by the following chemical formula (Chemical Formula 1):  
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are H or alkyl groups with carbon number of 1 to 3, which may all be the same or different from one another; X is N or P; Y is B, P, or As; and n is an integer of 4 or 6.  
   
   
       9 . The energy device according to  claim 1 , wherein a gel electrolyte comprising a polymer and an electrolytic solution is disposed between the positive and negative electrodes.  
   
   
       10 . An energy device module comprising a plurality of the energy devices according to  claim 1  that are connected in parallel or in series, and a control circuit for controlling the plurality of energy devices.  
   
   
       11 . An electric vehicle on which the module according to  claim 10  is installed, the electric vehicle further comprising an electric motor driven by electric power supplied from the module, or such an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.