Electrical Charge Storage Device Having Enhanced Power Characteristics

Abstract

The present invention relates generally to an electrical charge storage device (ECSD) with enhanced power characteristics. More particularly, the present invention relates to enhancing the current density, voltage rating, power transfer characteristics, frequency response and charge storage density of various devices, such as capacitors, batteries, fuel cells and other electrical charge storage devices. For example, one aspect of the present invention is solid state and electrolytic capacitors where the conductor surface area is increased with smooth structures, thereby reducing the distance separating the conductors, and improving the effective dielectric characteristics by employing construction techniques on atomic, molecular, and macroscopic levels.

1 - 34 . (canceled)  
   
   
       35 . An electrical charge storage device, comprising: 
 at least one first conductive layer having a shaped topographical surface;    at least one second conductive layer having a conductive shaped topographical surface positioned substantially parallel to the shaped topographical surface of the first conductive layer; and    at least one dielectric layer disposed between the first conductive shaped topographical surface and the second conductive topographical surface.    
   
   
       36 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 35 , wherein the dielectric layer has opposing first and second dielectric topographical surfaces, the first dielectric topographical surface is disposed proximate the first conductive topographical surface and substantially following the first conductive topographical surface across its area.  
   
   
       37 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 35 , wherein the first conductive surface and first dielectric surface are substantially conformal.  
   
   
       38 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 35 , wherein the second conductive surface and second dielectric surface are substantially conformal.  
   
   
       39 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 35 , wherein the first conductive surface substantially maintains moiety with the first dielectric surface.  
   
   
       40 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 35 , wherein the second conductive surface substantially maintains moiety with the second dielectric surface.  
   
   
       41 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 36 , wherein at least 2% of the area of the first conductive surface has a shaped topographical surface, said 2% area defining a smooth structure.  
   
   
       42 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 35 , wherein at least 2% of area of the second conductive surface has a shaped topographical surface, said 2% area defining a smooth structure.  
   
   
       43 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 41 , wherein at least 2% of the area of the first dielectric surface has a shaped topographical surface, said 2% area defining a smooth structure.  
   
   
       44 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 41 , wherein at least 2% of area of the second dielectric surface has a shaped topographical surface, said 2% area defining a smooth structure.  
   
   
       45 . The electrical charge storage device as recited  claim 41 , wherein at least 2% of the first conductive surface area being substantially conformal with an area of the first dielectric surface.  
   
   
       46 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 41 , wherein at least 2% of the first conductive surface area substantially maintains moiety with an area of the first dielectric surface.  
   
   
       47 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 43 , wherein the first conductive surface area being disposed at a substantially uniform distance from the first dielectric surface area.  
   
   
       48 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 43 , wherein the first conductive surface area being disposed at a selected distance ranging from 0.0001 μm to 2000 μm from the first dielectric surface area, said selected distance varying within a selectable tolerance.  
   
   
       49 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 41 , wherein at least 2% of the second conductive surface area being substantially conformal with an area of the second dielectric surface.  
   
   
       50 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 41 , wherein at least 2% of the second conductive surface area substantially maintains moiety with an area of the second dielectric surface.  
   
   
       51 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 49 , wherein the second conductive surface area being disposed at a substantially uniform distance from the second dielectric surface area.  
   
   
       52 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 49 , wherein the second conductive surface area being disposed at a selected distance ranging from 0.0001 μm to 2000 μm from the second dielectric surface area, said selected distance varying within a selectable tolerance.  
   
   
       53 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 41 , wherein each of the first and the second conductive surfaces and the dielectric surface have a substantially smooth structure.  
   
   
       54 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in  claim 53 , wherein each of the first and the second conductive surfaces and the dielectric surface comprises a villous structure formed on at least a portion of the smooth structure of any of the surfaces, the villous structure having a small scale relative to the smooth structure.  
   
   
       55 . The electrical charge storage device as recited in claims  53 , wherein each of the first and the second conductive surfaces and the dielectric surface comprises a dendritic structure formed on at least a portion of the smooth structure of any of the surfaces, the dendritic structure having a small scale relative to the smooth structure.  
   
   
       56 . The electrical charge storage device of  claim 41 , wherein at least a portion of the smooth structure has a repeating pattern.  
   
   
       57 . The electrical charge storage device of  claim 41 , wherein at least a portion of the smooth structure of the first and/or second conductive layer has an area that is alveolar in shape, sinusoidal rows in shape, parabolic in shape, inverted in shape, everted in shape, concave in shape, convex in shape, spiral in shape, random swirl in shape, quasi-random swirl in shape, mathematically defined as (A)sin(bX)sin(bY), mathematically defined as parabolic, mathematically defined as conical, tubular in shape, annular in shape, or toroidal in shape, or embedded in a permeable vertical fashion.  
   
   
       58 . The electrical charge storage device of  claim 41 , wherein at least a portion of the smooth structure of the dielectric layer has an area that is alveolar in shape, sinusoidal rows in shape, parabolic in shape, inverted in shape, everted in shape, concave in shape, convex in shape, spiral in shape, random swirl in shape, quasi-random swirl in shape, mathematically defined as (A)sin(bX)sin(bY), mathematically defined as parabolic, mathematically defined as conical, tubular in shape, annular in shape, toroidal in shape, or embedded in a permeable vertical fashion.  
   
   
       59 - 65 . (canceled)