Rate measurements of biomolecular reactions using electrochemiluminescence

Abstract

The rate of a biomolecular reaction, such as an enzymatic reaction or an affinity binding reaction, is measured using electrochemiluminescence (“ECL”). The reaction is conducted in an electrochemical cell with a mixture of reagents including a luminophore which will relate the concentration of a reactant, a reaction partner or the reaction product of a reaction partner to the ECL intensity. The reaction partner is a reagent which reacts with the reactant and which participates with the luminophore (or its reaction product participates with the luminophore) to cause the emission of ECL. The ECL intensity is modulated with a series of electrical pulses which are applied to the mixture of reagents at a preselected potential and for preselected intervals of time and duration. The ECL intensity is measured at the same intervals to provide a timed series of values (P). The same experiment is repeated except that the modulation is conducted after the reaction has gone to completion to obtain a timed series of values (C). The same experiment is repeated a third time in the absence of the reaction partner to obtain a times series of values (B). The results are normalized (N) using the following formula: N = P - B C - B ( I ) to obtain a series of values N which can be used to plot the time course (concentration vs. time) of the reaction.

1 . A method of determining the time course of a biomolecular reaction comprising 
 (a) forming a first reagent mixture containing a reactant, a luminophore and a reaction partner wherein the reactant reacts with the reaction partner, and the luminophore participates with the reaction partner, or the reaction product of the reaction partner, to emit electrochemiluminescence upon exposure of the reagent mixture to electrical energy;    (b) exposing the first reagent mixture to a series of electrical pulses at a preselected potential and at preselected intervals of time and duration, and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals to obtain a value for each interval;    (c) forming a second reagent mixture which is the same as the first reagent mixture;    (d) allowing the second reagent mixture to react until the reaction is complete and then exposing the mixture to a series of electrical pulses at the same potential, intervals of time and duration as in step (b) and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals as in step (b) to obtain a value for each interval;    (e) forming a third reagent mixture which is the same as the first reagent mixture except that it does not contain the reaction partner;    (f) exposing the third reagent mixture to a series of electrical pulses at the same potential, intervals of time and duration as in step (b) and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals as in step (b) to obtain a value for each interval;    (g) subtracting the value obtained for the first interval in step (f) from the value obtained for the first interval in step (b) to obtain a first difference;    (h) subtracting the value obtained for the first interval in step (f) from the value obtained for the first interval in step (d) to obtain a second difference;    (i) dividing the first difference by the second difference to obtain a normalized value for the first interval;    (j) repeating steps (g), (h) and (i) for each successive interval to obtain the normalized value for each successive interval.    
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the reactant and the luminophore are combined in a chemical moiety having the formula  
         [M(P)m(L 1 )n(L 2 )o(L 3 )p(L 4 )q(L 5 )r(L 6 )s]t(D)u  
       wherein M is ruthenium or osmium; P is a polydentate ligand of M; L 1 , L 1  L 3 , L 4 , L 5  and L 6  are ligands of M, each of which may be the same as or different from each other ligand; D is a substance covalently bound to one or more of P, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5  or L 6  through one or more amide or amine linkages; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1, each of n, o, p, q, r and s is zero or an integer; t is an integer equal to or greater than 1; u is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and P, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6  and D are of such composition and number that the chemical moiety can be induced to emit electromagnetic radiation and the total number of bonds to M provided by the ligands of M equals the coordination number of M.  
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent or phosphorescent polyaromatic hydrocarbons and fluorescent or phosphorescent transition metal chelates.  
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 3  wherein the transition metal chelates are organometallic compounds.  
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of Ru-containing and Os containing compounds.  
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the luminophore is ruthenium tris-bypyridine or osmium tris-bipyridine.  
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the biomolecular reaction is an enzymatic reaction, the reagent mixture contains an enzyme and the reactant is a substrate on which the enzyme exerts catalytic action, and the reaction partner is a cofactor.  
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 7  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent or phosphorescent polyaromatic hydrocarbons and fluorescent or phosphorescent transition metal chelates.  
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 7  wherein the enzyme is an oxido reductase.  
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 9  wherein the oxido reductase is a dehydrogenase.  
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 7  wherein the cofactor is a metal ion.  
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 7  wherein the cofactor is a coenzyme.  
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 12  wherein the coenzyme is in its oxidized form.  
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the biomolecular reaction is a binding reaction.  
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 14  wherein the binding reaction is selected from the group consisting of antibody-antigen, ligand receptor, avidin-biotin, base pairing, lectin-carbohydrate, as enzyme-inhibitor.  
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 14  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent or phosphoresce polyaromatic hydrocarbons and fluorescent or phosphorescent transition metal chelates.  
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 14  wherein the reactant and the luminophore are combined in a chemical moiety having the formula  
         [M(P)m(L 1 )n(L 2 )o(L 3 )p(L 4 )q(L 5 )r(L 6 )s]t(D)u  
       wherein M is ruthenium or osmium; P is a polydentate ligand of M; L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5  and L 6  are ligands of M, each of which may be the same as or different from each other ligand; D is a substance covalently bound to one or more of P. L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5  or L 6  through one or more amide or amine linkages; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; each of n, o, p, q, r and s is zero or an integer; t is an integer equal to or greater than 1; u is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and P, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4  L 5 , L 6  and D are of such composition and number that the chemical moiety can be induced to emit electromagnetic radiation and the total number of bonds to M provided by the ligands of M equals the coordination number of M.  
     
     
         18 . A method of determining the time course of an enzymatic reaction comprising 
 (a) forming a first reagent mixture containing an enzyme, a reactant, a luminophore and a reaction partner wherein the reactant reacts with the reaction partner, and the luminophore participates with the reaction partner, or the reaction product of the reaction partner, to emit electrochemiluminescence upon exposure of the reagent mixture to electrical energy;    (b) exposing the first reagent mixture to a series of electrical pulses at a preselected potential and at preselected intervals of time and duration, and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals to obtain a value for each interval;    (c) forming a second reagent mixture which is the same as the first reagent mixture;    (d) allowing the second reagent mixture to react until the reaction is complete and then exposing the mixture to a series of electrical pulses at the same potential, intervals of time and duration as in step (b) and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals as in step (b) to obtain a value for each interval;    (e) forming a third reagent mixture which is the same as the first reagent mixture except that it does not contain the reaction partner;    (f) exposing the third reagent mixture to a series of electrical pulses at the same potential, intervals of time and duration as in step (b) and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals as in step (by to obtain a value for each interval;    (g) subtracting the value obtained for the first interval in step (f) from the value obtained for the first interval in step (b) to obtain a first difference;    (h) subtracting the value obtained for the first interval in step (f) from the value obtained for the first interval in step (d) to obtain a second difference;    (i) dividing the first difference by the second difference to obtain a normalized value for the first interval;    (j) repeating steps (g), (h) and (i) for each successive interval to obtain the normalized value for each successive interval.    
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 18  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent or phosphorescent polyaromatic hydrocarbons and fluorescent or phosphorescent transition metal chelates.  
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 18  wherein the enzyme is an oxido reductase.  
     
     
         21 . A method of determining the time course of a binding reaction comprising 
 (a) forming a first reagent mixture containing a reactant, a reaction partner and a luminophore, wherein the reactant reacts with the reaction partner in a reaction selected from the group consisting of antibody-antigen, ligand-receptor, avidin-biotin, base pairing, lectin-carbohydrate, and enzyme-inhibitor, and the luminophore participates with the reaction partner to emit electrochemiluminescence upon exposure of the reagent mixture to electrical energy;    (b) exposing the first reagent mixture to a series of electrical pulses at a preselected potential and at preselected intervals of time and duration, and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals to obtain a value for each interval;    (c) forming a second reagent mixture which is the same as the first reagent mixture;    (d) allowing the second reagent mixture to react until the reaction is complete and then exposing the mixture to a series of electrical pulses at the same potential, intervals of time and duration as in step (b) and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals as in step (b) to obtain a value for each interval;    (e) forming a third reagent mixture which is the same as the first reagent mixture except that it does not contain the reaction partner;    (f) exposing the third reagent mixture to a series of electrical pulses at the same potential, intervals of time and duration as in step (b) and measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals as in step (b) to obtain a value for each interval;    (g) subtracting the value obtained for the first interval in step (f) from the value obtained for the first interval in step (b) to obtain a first difference;    (h) subtracting the value obtained for the first interval in step (f) from the value obtained for the first interval in step (d) to obtain a second difference;    (i) dividing the first difference by the second difference to obtain a normalized value for the first interval;    (j) repeating steps (g), (h) and (i) for each successive interval to obtain the normalized value for each successive interval.    
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 21  wherein the reactant is attached to the luminophore to form a chemical moiety having the formula  
         [M(P)m(L 1 )n(L 2 )o(L 3 )p(L 4 )q(L 5 )r(L 6 )s]t(D)u  
       wherein M is ruthenium or osmium; P is a polydentate ligand of M; L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 ; L 5  and L 6  are ligands of M, each of which may be the same as or different from each other ligand; D is a substance covalently bound to one or more of P, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5  or L 6  through one or more amide or amine linkages; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; each of n, o, p, q, r and s is zero or an integer; t is an integer equal to or greater than 1; u is an integer equal to or greater than; and P, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6  and D are of such composition and number that the chemical moiety can be induced to emit electromagnetic radiation and the total number of bonds to M provided by the ligands of M equals the coordination number of M.  
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 21  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent or phosphorescence polyaromatic hydrocarbons and fluorescent or phosphorescent transition metal chelates.  
     
     
         24 . A system for determining the time course of a biomolecular reaction comprising 
 a first reagent mixture containing as reagents a reactant, a luminophore and a reaction, partner wherein the reactant reacts with the reaction partner, and the luminophore participates with the reaction partner, or the reaction product of the reaction partner, to emit electrochemiluminescence upon exposure of the reagent mixture to electrical energy; a second reagent mixture which is the same as the first reagent mixture except that it comprises reacted reagents; and a third reagent mixture which is the same as the first reagent mixture except that it does not contain the reaction partner;    a means for separately exposing each of the first, second and third reagent mixtures to a series of electrical pulses at a preselected potential and at preselected intervals of time and duration; and a means for measuring the electrochemiluminescence at the same intervals.    
     
     
         25 . The system of  claim 24  wherein the reactant and the luminophore comprise a chemical moiety having the formula  
         [M(P)m(L 1 )n(L 2 )o(L 3 )p(L 4 )q(L 5 )r(L 6 )s]t(D)u  
       wherein M is ruthenium or osmium; P is a polydentate ligand of M; L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5  and L 6  are ligands of M, each of which may be the same as or different from each other ligand; D is a substance covalently bound to one or more of P, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5  or L 6  through one or more amide or amine linkages; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; each of n, o, p, q, r and s is zero or an integer; t is an integer equal to or greater than 1; u is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and P, L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6  and D are of such composition and number that the chemical moiety can be induced to emit electromagnetic radiation and the total number of bonds to M provided by the ligands of M equals the coordination number of M.  
     
     
         26 . The system of  claim 24  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent or phosphorescent polyaromatic hydrocarbons and fluorescent or phosphorescent transition metal chelates.  
     
     
         27 . The system of  claim 26  wherein the transition metal chelates are organometallic compounds.  
     
     
         28 . The system of  claim 24  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of Ru-containing and Os-containing compounds.  
     
     
         29 . The system of  claim 24  wherein the luminophore is ruthenium tris-bypyridine or osmium tris-bipyridine.  
     
     
         30 . The system of  claim 24  wherein the biomolecular reaction is an enzymatic reaction, the reagent mixture contains an enzyme and the reactant is a substrate on which the enzyme exerts catalytic action, and the reaction partner is a cofactor.  
     
     
         31 . The system of  claim 30  wherein the luminophore is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent or phosphorescent polyaromatic hydrocarbons and fluorescent or phosphorescent transition metal chelates.  
     
     
         32 . The system of  claim 31  wherein the enzyme is an oxide reductase.  
     
     
         33 . The system of  claim 32  wherein the oxido reductase is a dehydrogenase.  
     
     
         34 . The system of  claim 31  wherein the cofactor is a metal ion.  
     
     
         35 . The system of  claim 31  wherein the cofactor is a coenzyme.  
     
     
         36 . The system of  claim 35  wherein the coenzyme is in its oxidized form.