Morphine and Morphine Precursors

Abstract

Methods and materials related to the use of morphine, morphine precursors (e.g., reticuline), and inhibitors of morphine synthesis or activity to treat diseases, to reduce inflammation, or to restore normal function are provided.

1 . A method for inducing nitric oxide release from cells in a mammal, said method comprising administering, to said mammal, a composition in an amount, at a frequency more frequent than once a week, and for a duration longer than one month, wherein said composition comprises morphine or morphine-6β-glucuronide, and wherein said amount of said composition results in less than 0.05 mg of said morphine or morphine-6β-glucuronide being administered to said mammal per kg of body weight of said mammal per day. 
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said cells are immune cells. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said mammal is a human. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said composition comprises a morphine precursor. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said composition is in the form of a tablet. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said composition comprises selenium. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said composition comprises L-arginine. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said composition comprises a calcium source. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said amount of said composition results in less than 0.025 mg of said morphine or morphine-6β-glucuronide being administered to said mammal per kg of body weight of said mammal per day. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said amount of said composition results in less than 0.01 mg of said morphine or morphine-6β-glucuronide being administered to said mammal per kg of body weight of said mammal per day. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said frequency is more frequent than four times a week. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said frequency is between two and five times a day. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said frequency is once a day. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said duration is longer than two months. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said duration is longer than three months. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said composition comprises morphine. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said composition comprises morphine-6β-glucuronide. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said composition comprises morphine and morphine-6β-glucuronide. 
     
     
         19 . A method for inducing nitric oxide release from cells in a mammal, said method comprising administering, to said mammal, a composition in an amount, at a frequency more frequent than once a week, and for a duration longer than one month, wherein said composition comprises thebaine or codeine, and wherein said amount of said composition results in less than 0.05 mg of said thebaine or codeine being administered to said mammal per kg of body weight of said mammal per day. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 19 , wherein said cells are immune cells. 
     
     
         21 - 124 . (canceled)