Use of ionic liquids for the noncutting forming of metallic workpieces

Abstract

The invention relates to the use of at least one ionic liquid or a mixture of ionic liquids for noncutting forming processes for metallic workpieces.

1 . An ionic liquid which comprises of an ionic salt of the general formulae I, II or III:
   [A]n +  [Y] n−   (I)   where n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, [A] +  is a quaternary ammonium cation, an oxonium cation, a sulphonium cation or a phosphonium cation and [Y] n−  is a monovalent, divalent, trivalent or tetravalent anion; or   mixed salts of the general formulae (II)
   [A1] +  [A2] +  [Y] 2−   (IIa) 
   [A1] +  [A2] +  [A3] +  [Y] 3−   (IIb) or 
   [A1] +  [A2] +  [A3] +  [A4] +  [Y] 4−   (IIc) 
   where [A 1 ] + , [A 2 ] + , [A 3 ] +  and [A 4 ] +  are selected independently from the groups mentioned for [A] +  and [Y] n−  is as defined for formula I; or   mixed salts of the general formulae (III)
   [A1] +  [A2] +  [A3] +  [M1] +  [Y] 4−   (IIIa); 
   [A1] +  [A2] +  [M1] +  [M2] +  [Y] 4−   (IIIb); 
   [A1] +  [M1] +  [M2] +  [M3] +  [Y] 4−   (IIIc); 
   [A1] +  [A2] +  [M1] +  [Y] 3−   (IIId); 
   [A1] +  [M1] +  [M2] +  [Y] 3−   (IIIe); 
   [A1] +  [M1] +  [Y] 2−   (IIIf); 
   [A1] +  [A2] +  [M4] 2+  [Y] 4−   (IIIg); 
   [A1] +  [M1] +  [M4] 2+  [Y] 4−   (IIIh); 
   [A1] +  [M5] 3+  [Y] 4−   (IIIi); or 
   [A1] +  [M4] 2+  [Y] 3−   (IIIj) 
   where [A 1 ] + , [A 2 ] +  and [A 3 ] +  are selected independently from the groups mentioned for [A] + , [Y] n−  is as defined for formula (I) and [M 1 ] + , [M 2 ] + , [M 3 ] +  are monovalent metal cations, [M 4 ] 2+  is a divalent metal cation and [M 5 ] 3+  is a trivalent metal cation;   or mixtures of all the formulae (I)-(III).   
     
     
         2 . The ionic liquid of  claim 1 , wherein the ionic salt comprises of at least one anion selected from the group consisting of halides, carboxylates, phosphates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, dicyanamides, sulphates, alkylsulphates, sulphonates, alkylsulphonates, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate and bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide combined with, substituted ammonium, phosphonium, pyridinium or imidazolium cations, 
     
     
         3 . The ionic liquid of  claim 1  wherein the ionic salt comprises of at least one cation of the general formulae:
   R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 N +   (IV)     R 1 R 2 N + ═CR 3 R 4    (V)     R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 P +   (VI)     R 1 R 2 P + ═CR 3 R 4    (VII)     R 1 R 2 R 3 S+  (VIII)   where   R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4  are identical or different and are each hydrogen, a linear or branched aliphatic hydro-carbon radical which has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and may contain a double bond, a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has from 5 to 40 carbon atoms and may contain a double bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon radical having from 6 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkylaryl radical having from 7 to 40 carbon atoms, a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and is interrupted by one or more hetero-atoms (oxygen, NH, NR′ where R′ is a C 1 -C 30 -alkyl radical which may contain double bonds, in particular —CH 3 ) and may contain double bonds, a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has from 2 to 30 carbon atoms and is interrupted by one or more functions selected from the group consisting of —O—C(O)—, —(O)C—O—, —NH—C(O)—, —(O)C—NH, —(CH 3 )N—C(O)—, —(O)C—N(CH 3 )—, —S(O 2 )—O—, —O—S(O 2 )—, —S(O 2 )—NH—, —NH—S(O 2 )—, —S(O 2 )—N(CH 3 )—, —N(CH 3 )—S(O 2 )—, and may contain double bonds, a linear or branched aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and is functionalized terminally by OH, OR′, NH 2 , N(H)R′, N(R′) 2  (where R′ is a C 1 -C 30 -alkyl radical which may contain double bonds) and may contain double bonds or a polyether which may have a block or random structure and has the formula —(R 5 —O) n —R 6 , where   R 5  is a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms,   n is from 1 to 100, preferably from 2 to 60, and   R 6  is hydrogen, a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms that may contain double bonds, a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has from 5 to 40 carbon atoms and may contain double bonds, an aromatic hydrocarbon radical having from 6 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkylaryl radical having from 7 to 40 carbon atoms or a —C(O)—R 7  radical where   R 7  is a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and may contain double bonds, a cyclo-aliphatic hydrocarbon radical which has from 5 to 40 carbon atoms and may contain double bonds, an aromatic hydrocarbon radical having from 6 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkylaryl radical having from 7 to 40 carbon atoms.   
     
     
         4 . A method of noncutting forming of metallic workpieces which comprises applying at least one ionic liquid or a mixture of ionic liquids as defined in  claim 1  to a precursor metallic object. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 4 , wherein the noncutting forming is internal high-pressure forming. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 5 , wherein the ionic liquid or the mixture of ionic liquids is used as external lubrication and/or as pressure medium and/or as heat transfer fluid. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the ionic liquid or the mixture or ionic liquids has a melting point below 100° C. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 7 , wherein the ionic liquid or the mixture or ionic liquids has a melting point below 50° C. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the ionic liquid used as external lubrication in a noncutting forming process or the mixture of ionic liquids has a melting point above room temperature. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the ionic liquid or the mixture of ionic liquids has a liquid range from −50° C. to 400° C. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the ionic liquid or the mixture of ionic liquids has a liquid range from −40° C. to 380° C. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the ionic liquid or the mixture of ionic liquids has a liquid range from −30° C. to 350° C. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the ionic liquid or the mixture of ionic liquids has a decomposition temperature above 300° C.