Method of Preparing OPTO-Electronic Device

Abstract

A method is provided to produce an opto-electronic device comprising a substrate, a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer of opposite polarity to said first electrode layer, any interlayers and, between said first and second electrode layers, a first functional material in interfacial contact with a second functional material, wherein the first functional material has the structure of a laterally porous film and the second functional material is a film disposed over and interpenetrating with the film of the first functional material.

1 . A method of preparing an opto-electronic device comprising a substrate, a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer of opposite polarity to said first electrode layer and, between said first and second electrode layers, a first functional material in interfacial contact with a second functional material, said method comprising:
 forming the first electrode layer on the substrate;   depositing a blend of a first forming material and a curable first functional material on said first electrode layer on said substrate to form a film, the first forming material and first functional material being selected to separate into a laterally phase separated film structure wherein the first forming material phase optionally contains islands of the first functional material phase;   treating said laterally phase separated film structure so as to cure said first functional material phase followed by removing the first forming material phase and said optionally contained islands of the first functional material phase, or removing the first forming material phase and said optionally contained islands of the first functional material phase from said laterally phase separated film structure followed by treating so as to cure said first functional material phase, to leave a cured, laterally porous film of said first functional material;   depositing a second functional material over and into the pores of said cured, laterally porous film of the first functional material, so as to provide a film of the second functional material over and interpenetrating with the film of the first functional material; and   forming the second electrode layer over said film of the second functional material.   
     
     
         2 . A method of preparing an opto-electronic device comprising a substrate, a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer of opposite polarity to said first electrode layer and, between said first and second electrode layers, a first functional material in interfacial contact with a second functional material, said method comprising:
 forming the first electrode layer on the substrate;   depositing a blend of a first forming material and a second forming material on said first electrode layer on said substrate to form a film, the first forming material and second forming material being selected to separate into a laterally phase separated film structure wherein the first forming material phase optionally contains islands of the second forming material phase;   removing the first forming material phase and said optionally contained islands of the second forming material phase, to leave a laterally porous film of said second forming material;   depositing a curable first functional material over and into the pores of said laterally porous film of the second forming material, so as to provide a film of the first functional material over and interpenetrating with the film of the second forming material;   treating said interpenetrating films of the second forming and first functional materials so as to cure said first functional material phase followed by removing the second forming material and any uncured portions of the first functional material, or removing the second forming material and any uncured portions of the first functional material from said interpenetrating films of the second forming and first functional materials followed by treating so as to cure said first functional material phase, to leave a cured, laterally porous film of said first functional material;   depositing a second functional material over and into the pores of said cured, laterally porous film of the first functional material, so as to provide a film of the second functional material over and interpenetrating with the film of the first functional material; and   forming the second electrode layer over said film of the second functional material.   
     
     
         3 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein said second forming material is UV absorbent and said first functional material is UV-curable, and said step of treating so as to cure said first functional material phase comprises the step of irradiating said interpenetrating films of the second forming and first functional materials with UV radiation through the substrate, whereby portions of the first functional material exposed to the UV radiation and not masked by the second forming material are cured and portions of the first functional material unexposed to the UV radiation or masked by the second forming material remain uncured. 
     
     
         4 . A method according to  claim 1 , comprising removing the first forming material phase and said optionally contained islands by dissolving in a solvent for the first forming material, which solvent is insolvent for the cured first functional material. 
     
     
         5 . A method according to  claim 2 , comprising removing the first forming material phase and said optionally contained islands by dissolving in a solvent for the first forming material, which solvent is insolvent for the second forming material, and removing the second forming material phase and said optionally contained islands by dissolving in a solvent for the second forming material, which solvent is insolvent for the cured first functional material. 
     
     
         6 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the device is an electroluminescent or OLED device; the first functional material is a charge transporting material; the second functional material is an electroluminescent material; the first electrode layer is the anode and the second electrode layer is the cathode. 
     
     
         7 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the device is an photovoltaic device; the first functional material is a hole transporting material; the second functional material is an electron transporting material; the first electrode layer is the anode and the second electrode layer is the cathode. 
     
     
         8 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the curable first functional material is curable by thermal annealing and/or UV-cross-linking, and is cured by treating with heat and/or UV radiation. 
     
     
         9 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the first forming material is polystyrene. 
     
     
         10 . A method according to  claim 9 , wherein the solvent is cyclohexane. 
     
     
         11 . A method according to  claim 1 , comprising depositing the blend by a technique selected from the group consisting of spin-coating, spray-coating, dip-coating, inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, and flexographic printing. 
     
     
         12 . A method according to  claim 1 , comprising depositing the second functional material over and into the pores of the laterally porous film of the cured first functional material by a technique selected from the group consisting of spin-coating, spray-coating, dip-coating, inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, and flexographic printing from a solvent for the second functional material, which solvent is insolvent for the cured first functional material. 
     
     
         13 . A method according to  claim 2 , comprising depositing the first functional material over and into the pores of the laterally porous film of the second forming material by a technique selected from the group consisting of spin-coating, spray-coating, dip-coating, inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, and flexographic printing from a solvent for the first functional material, which solvent is insolvent for the second forming material. 
     
     
         14 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the first functional material is poly 3-hexyl thiophene functioning as hole collecting material, the second functional material is a polyfluorene functioning as an electron collecting material, and the solvent for the polyfluorene is selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene and chloroform. 
     
     
         15 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the first functional material is poly 3-hexyl thiophene functioning as hole collecting material, the second functional material is a fullerene functioning as an electron collecting material, and the solvent for the fullerene is selected from the group consisting of chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene. 
     
     
         16 . A method according to  claim 14 , wherein one or both of the first and second functional materials is or are a light absorbing material. 
     
     
         17 . A method according to  claim 1 , further comprising forming a charge transporting layer of said first functional material on the first electrode layer on the substrate, before said blend is deposited. 
     
     
         18 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the first electrode layer is a layer indium tin-oxide (ITO) bearing a layer of PEDOT:PSS. 
     
     
         19 . An opto-electronic device comprising a substrate, a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer of opposite polarity to said first electrode layer and, between said first and second electrode layers, a first functional material in interfacial contact with a second functional material, wherein the first functional material has the structure of a laterally porous film and the second functional material is a film disposed over and interpenetrating with the film of the first functional material. 
     
     
         20 . An opto-electronic device according to  claim 19 , wherein the device is an electroluminescent or OLED device; the first functional material is a charge transporting material; the second functional material is an electroluminescent material; the first electrode layer is the anode and the second electrode layer is the cathode. 
     
     
         21 . An opto-electronic device according to  claim 19 , wherein the device is an photovoltaic device; the first functional material is a hole transporting material; the second functional material is an electron transporting material; the first electrode layer is the anode and the second electrode layer is the cathode. 
     
     
         22 . An opto-electronic device according to  claim 21 , wherein the first functional material is poly 3-hexyl thiophene functioning as hole collecting material, and the second functional material is selected from a polyfluorene and/or a fullerene functioning as an electron collecting material. 
     
     
         23 . An opto-electronic device according to  claim 22 , wherein one or both of the first and second functional materials is or are a light absorbing material. 
     
     
         24 . An opto-electronic device according to  claim 19  further comprising an interlayer of said first functional material disposed between the first electrode layer on the substrate and the interpenetrating films of the first and second functional materials. 
     
     
         25 . An opto-electronic device according to  claim 19 , wherein the first electrode layer is a layer indium tin-oxide (ITO) bearing a layer of PEDOT:PSS. 
     
     
         26 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the device is an electroluminescent or OLED device; the first functional material is a charge transporting material; the second functional material is an electroluminescent material; the first electrode layer is the anode and the second electrode layer is the cathode. 
     
     
         27 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the device is an photovoltaic device; the first functional material is a hole transporting material; the second functional material is an electron transporting material; the first electrode layer is the anode and the second electrode layer is the cathode. 
     
     
         28 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the curable first functional material is curable by thermal annealing and/or UV-cross-linking, and is cured by treating with heat and/or UV radiation. 
     
     
         29 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the first forming material is polystyrene. 
     
     
         30 . A method according to  claim 29 , wherein the solvent is cyclohexane. 
     
     
         31 . A method according to  claim 2 , comprising depositing the blend by a technique selected from the group consisting of spin-coating, spray-coating, dip-coating, inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, and flexographic printing. 
     
     
         32 . A method according to  claim 2 , comprising depositing the second functional material over and into the pores of the laterally porous film of the cured first functional material by a technique selected from the group consisting of spin-coating, spray-coating, dip-coating, inkjet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, and flexographic printing from a solvent for the second functional material, which solvent is insolvent for the cured first functional material. 
     
     
         33 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the first functional material is poly 3-hexyl thiophene functioning as hole collecting material, the second functional material is a polyfluorene functioning as an electron collecting material, and the solvent for the polyfluorene is selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene and chloroform. 
     
     
         34 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the first functional material is poly 3-hexyl thiophene functioning as hole collecting material, the second functional material is a fullerene functioning as an electron collecting material, and the solvent for the fullerene is selected from the group consisting of chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene. 
     
     
         35 . A method according to  claim 33 , wherein one or both of the first and second functional materials is or are a light absorbing material. 
     
     
         36 . A method according to  claim 2 , further comprising forming a charge transporting layer of said first functional material on the first electrode layer on the substrate, before said blend is deposited. 
     
     
         37 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the first electrode layer is a layer indium tin-oxide (ITO) bearing a layer of PEDOT:PSS.