Biofuel production

Abstract

Methods, enzymes, recombinant microorganism, and microbial systems are provided for converting polysaccharides, such as those derived from biomass, into suitable monosaccharides or oligosaccharides, as well as for converting suitable monosaccharides or oligosaccharides into commodity chemicals, such as biofuels. Commodity chemicals produced by the methods described herein are also provided. Commodity chemical enriched, refinery-produced petroleum products are also provided, as well as methods for producing the same.

1 . A method for converting a polysaccharide to a commodity chemical, comprising:
 (a) contacting the polysaccharide, wherein the polysaccharide is optionally derived from biomass, with a polysaccharide degrading or depolymerizing metabolic system, wherein the metabolic system is selected from;
 (i) enzymatic or chemical catalysis, and 
 (ii) a microbial system, wherein the microbial system comprises a recombinant microorganism, wherein the recombinant microorganism comprises one or exogenous genes that allow it to grow on the polysaccharide as a sole source of carbon, 
 thereby converting the polysaccharide to a suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide; and 
   (b) contacting the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide with commodity chemical biosynthesis pathway, wherein the commodity chemical biosynthesis pathway comprises an aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway,   thereby converting the polysaccharide to the commodity chemical   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the biomass is selected from marine biomass and vegetable/fruit/plant biomass. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 2 , wherein the marine biomass is selected from kelp, giant kelp, sargasso, seaweed, algae, marine microflora, microalgae, and sea grass. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 2 , wherein the vegetable/fruit/plant biomass comprises plant peel or pomace. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 2 , wherein the vegetable/fruit/plant biomass is selected from citrus, potato, tomato, grape, gooseberry, carrot, mango, sugar-beet, apple, switchgrass, wood, and stover. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the polysaccharide is selected from alginate, agar, carrageenan, fucoidan, pectin, polygalacturonate, cellulose, hemicellulose, xylan, arabinan, and mannan. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide is selected from 2-keto-3-deoxy D-gluconate (KDG), D-mannitol, guluronate, mannuronate, mannitol, lyxose, glycerol, xylitol, glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, glucuronate, galacturonates, and rhamnose. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the commodity chemical is selected from methane, methanol, ethane, ethene, ethanol, n-propane, 1-propene, 1-propanol, propanal, acetone, propionate, n-butane, 1-butene, 1-butanol, butanal, butanoate, isobutanal, isobutanol, 2-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanol, 2-butene, 2-butanol, 2-butanone, 2,3-butanediol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,3-butanedione, ethylbenzene, ethenylbenzene, 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde, 1-phenylbutane, 4-phenyl-1-butene, 4-phenyl-2-butene, 1-phenyl-2-butene, 1-phenyl-2-butanol, 4-phenyl-2-butanol, 1-phenyl-2-butanone, 4-phenyl-2-butanone, 1-phenyl-2,3-butandiol, 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-phenyl-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-phenyl-2,3-butanedione, n-pentane, ethylphenol, ethenylphenol, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol, 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butane, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-butene, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butene, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-butene, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-butandiol, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-butanonedione, indolylethane, indolylethene, 2-(indole-3-)ethanol, n-pentane, 1-pentene, 1-pentanol, pentanal, pentanoate, 2-pentene, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 4-methylpentanal, 4-methylpentanol, 2,3-pentanediol, 2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, 3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-methylpentane, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-2-pentene, 4-methyl-3-pentene, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-methyl-3-pentanone, 4-methyl-2,3-pentanediol, 4-methyl-2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, 4-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-2,3-pentanedione, 1-phenylpentane, 1-phenyl-1-pentene, 1-phenyl-2-pentene, 1-phenyl-3-pentene, 1-phenyl-2-pentanol, 1-phenyl-3-pentanol, 1-phenyl-2-pentanone, 1-phenyl-3-pentanone, 1-phenyl-2,3-pentanediol, 1-phenyl-2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 1-phenyl-2,3-pentanedione, 4-methyl-1-phenylpentane, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pentene, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-pentene, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3-pentanediol, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3-pentanedione, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) pentane, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-pentene, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pentene, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pentene, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pentanol, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pentanol, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pentanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pentanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-pentanediol, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-pentanedione, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) pentane, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pentene, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pentene, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-pentanediol, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-pentanedione, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, 1-indole-3-pentane, 1-(indole-3)-1-pentene, 1-(indole-3)-2-pentene, 1-(indole-3)-3-pentene, 1-(indole-3)-2-pentanol, 1-(indole-3)-3-pentanol, 1-(indole-3)-2-pentanone, 1-(indole-3)-3-pentanone, 1-(indole-3)-2,3-pentanediol, 1-(indole-3)-2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, 1-(indole-3)-3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 1-(indole-3)-2,3-pentanedione, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3-)pentane, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-pentene, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-pentene, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-1-pentene, 4-methyl-2-(indole-3)-3-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2,3-pentanediol, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2,3-pentanedione, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hydroxy-3-pentanone, n-hexane, 1-hexene, 1-hexanol, hexanal, hexanoate, 2-hexene, 3-hexene, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 2,3-hexanediol, 2,3-hexanedione, 3,4-hexanediol, 3,4-hexanedione, 2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 3-hydroxy-4-hexanone, 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 2-methylhexane, 3-methylhexane, 2-methyl-2-hexene, 2-methyl-3-hexene, 5-methyl-1-hexene, 5-methyl-2-hexene, 4-methyl-1-hexene, 4-methyl-2-hexene, 3-methyl-3-hexene, 3-methyl-2-hexene, 3-methyl-1-hexene, 2-methyl-3-hexanol, 5-methyl-2-hexanol, 5-methyl-3-hexanol, 2-methyl-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 5-methyl-3-hexanone, 2-methyl-3,4-hexanediol, 2-methyl-3,4-hexanedione, 5-methyl-2,3-hexanediol, 5-methyl-2,3-hexanedione, 4-methyl-2,3-hexanediol, 4-methyl-2,3-hexanedione, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-hexanone, 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 4-methyl-2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 4-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexene, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexanol, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexanone, 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-hexanediol, 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-hexanedione, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-phenylhexane, 4-methyl-1-phenylhexane, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexene, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hexene, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hexene, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hexene, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hexene, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hexanol, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hexanol, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hexanol, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hexanol, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3-hexanediol, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3-hexanediol, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3-hexanedione, 4-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3-hexanedione, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexane, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-hexene, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexene, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexene, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexene, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexene, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexanol, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexanol, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexanol, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexanol, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-hexanediol, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-hexanediol, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-hexanedione, 4-methyl-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-hexanedione, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3-)hexane, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-1-hexene, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hexene, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hexene, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hexene, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hexene, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hexanol, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hexanol, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hexanol, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hexanol, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2,3-hexanediol, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2,3-hexanediol, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, 5-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2,3-hexanedione, 4-methyl-1-(indole-3)-2,3-hexanedione, n-heptane, 1-heptene, 1-heptanol, heptanal, heptanoate, 2-heptene, 3-heptene, 2-heptanol, 3-heptanol, 4-heptanol, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 4-heptanone, 2,3-heptanediol, 2,3-heptanedione, 3,4-heptanediol, 3,4-heptanedione, 2-hydroxy-3-heptanone, 3-hydroxy-2-heptanone, 3-hydroxy-4-heptanone, 4-hydroxy-3-heptanone, 2-methylheptane, 3-methylheptane, 6-methyl-2-heptene, 6-methyl-3-heptene, 2-methyl-3-heptene, 2-methyl-2-heptene, 5-methyl-2-heptene, 5-methyl-3-heptene, 3-methyl-3-heptene, 2-methyl-3-heptanol, 2-methyl-4-heptanol, 6-methyl-3-heptanol, 5-methyl-3-heptanol, 3-methyl-4-heptanol, 2-methyl-3-heptanone, 2-methyl-4-heptanone, 6-methyl-3-heptanone, 5-methyl-3-heptanone, 3-methyl-4-heptanone, 2-methyl-3,4-heptanediol, 2-methyl-3,4-heptanedione, 6-methyl-3,4-heptanediol, 6-methyl-3,4-heptanedione, 5-methyl-3,4-heptanediol, 5-methyl-3,4-heptanedione, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-heptanone, 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-3-heptanone, 6-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-heptanone, 6-methyl-4-hydroxy-3-heptanone, 5-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-heptanone, 5-methyl-4-hydroxy-3-heptanone, 2,6-dimethylheptane, 2,5-dimethylheptane, 2,6-dimethyl-2-heptene, 2,6-dimethyl-3-heptene, 2,5-dimethyl-2-heptene, 2,5-dimethyl-3-heptene, 3,6-dimethyl-3-heptene, 2,6-dimethyl-3-heptanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, 2,5-dimethyl-3-heptanol, 2,5-dimethyl-4-heptanol, 2,6-dimethyl-3,4-heptanediol, 2,6-dimethyl-3,4-heptanedione, 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-heptanediol, 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-heptanedione, 2,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-heptanone, 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-heptanone, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-heptanone, 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-heptanone, n-octane, 1-octene, 2-octene, 1-octanol, octanal, octanoate, 3-octene, 4-octene, 4-octanol, 4-octanone, 4,5-octanediol, 4,5-octanedione, 4-hydroxy-5-octanone, 2-methyloctane, 2-methyl-3-octene, 2-methyl-4-octene, 7-methyl-3-octene, 3-methyl-3-octene, 3-methyl-4-octene, 6-methyl-3-octene, 2-methyl-4-octanol, 7-methyl-4-octanol, 3-methyl-4-octanol, 6-methyl-4-octanol, 2-methyl-4-octanone, 7-methyl-4-octanone, 3-methyl-4-octanone, 6-methyl-4-octanone, 2-methyl-4,5-octanediol, 2-methyl-4,5-octanedione, 3-methyl-4,5-octanediol, 3-methyl-4,5-octanedione, 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-octanone, 2-methyl-5-hydroxy-4-octanone, 3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-octanone, 3-methyl-5-hydroxy-4-octanone, 2,7-dimethyloctane, 2,7-dimethyl-3-octene, 2,7-dimethyl-4-octene, 2,7-dimethyl-4-octanol, 2,7-dimethyl-4-octanone, 2,7-dimethyl-4,5-octanediol, 2,7-dimethyl-4,5-octanedione, 2,7-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-5-octanone, 2,6-dimethyloctane, 2,6-dimethyl-3-octene, 2,6-dimethyl-4-octene, 3,7-dimethyl-3-octene, 2,6-dimethyl-4-octanol, 3,7-dimethyl-4-octanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-octanone, 3,7-dimethyl-4-octanone, 2,6-dimethyl-4,5-octanediol, 2,6-dimethyl-4,5-octanedione, 2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-5-octanone, 2,6-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-4-octanone, 3,6-dimethyloctane, 3,6-dimethyl-3-octene, 3,6-dimethyl-4-octene, 3,6-dimethyl-4-octanol, 3,6-dimethyl-4-octanone, 3,6-dimethyl-4,5-octanediol, 3,6-dimethyl-4,5-octanedione, 3,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-5-octanone, n-nonane, 1-nonene, 1-nonanol, nonanal, nonanoate, 2-methylnonane, 2-methyl-4-nonene, 2-methyl-5-nonene, 8-methyl-4-nonene, 2-methyl-5-nonanol, 8-methyl-4-nonanol, 2-methyl-5-nonanone, 8-methyl-4-nonanone, 8-methyl-4,5-nonanediol, 8-methyl-4,5-nonanedione, 8-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-nonanone, 8-methyl-5-hydroxy-4-nonanone, 2,8-dimethylnonane, 2,8-dimethyl-3-nonene, 2,8-dimethyl-4-nonene, 2,8-dimethyl-5-nonene, 2,8-dimethyl-4-nonanol, 2,8-dimethyl-5-nonanol, 2,8-dimethyl-4-nonanone, 2,8-dimethyl-5-nonanone, 2,8-dimethyl-4,5-nonanediol, 2,8-dimethyl-4,5-nonanedione, 2,8-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-5-nonanone, 2,8-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-4-nonanone, 2,7-dimethylnonane, 3,8-dimethyl-3-nonene, 3,8-dimethyl-4-nonene, 3,8-dimethyl-5-nonene, 3,8-dimethyl-4-nonanol, 3,8-dimethyl-5-nonanol, 3,8-dimethyl-4-nonanone, 3,8-dimethyl-5-nonanone, 3,8-dimethyl-4,5-nonanediol, 3,8-dimethyl-4,5-nonanedione, 3,8-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-5-nonanone, 3,8-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-4-nonanone, n-decane, 1-decene, 1-decanol, decanoate, 2,9-dimethyldecane, 2,9-dimethyl-3-decene, 2,9-dimethyl-4-decene, 2,9-dimethyl-5-decanol, 2,9-dimethyl-5-decanone, 2,9-dimethyl-5,6-decanediol, 2,9-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-5-decanone, 2,9-dimethyl-5,6-decanedionen-undecane, 1-undecene, 1-undecanol, undecanal, undecanoate, n-dodecane, 1-dodecene, 1-dodecanol, dodecanal, dodecanoate, n-dodecane, 1-decadecene, 1-dodecanol, ddodecanal, dodecanoate, n-tridecane, 1-tridecene, 1-tridecanol, tridecanal, tridecanoate, n-tetradecane, 1-tetradecene, 1-tetradecanol, tetradecanal, tetradecanoate, n-pentadecane, 1-pentadecene, 1-pentadecanol, pentadecanal, pentadecanoate, n-hexadecane, 1-hexadecene, 1-hexadecanol, hexadecanal, hexadecanoate, n-heptadecane, 1-heptadecene, 1-heptadecanol, heptadecanal, heptadecanoate, n-octadecane, 1-octadecene, 1-octadecanol, octadecanal, octadecanoate, n-nonadecane, 1-nonadecene, 1-nonadecanol, nonadecanal, nonadecanoate, eicosane, 1-eicosene, 1-eicosanol, eicosanal, eicosanoate, 3-hydroxy propanal, 1,3-propanediol, 4-hydroxybutanal, 1,4-butanediol, 3-hydrxy-2-butanone, 2,3-butandiol, 1,5-pentane diol, homocitrate, homoisocitorate, b-hydroxy adipate, glutarate, glutarsemialdehyde, glutaraldehyde, 2-hydroxy-1-cyclopentanone, 1,2-cyclopentanediol, cyclopentanone, cyclopentanol, (S)-2-acetolactate, (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate, 2-oxoisovalerate, isobutyryl-CoA, isobutyrate, isobutyraldehyde, 5-amino pentaldehyde, 1,10-diaminodecane, 1,10-diamino-5-decene, 1,10-diamino-5-hydroxydecane, 1,10-diamino-5-decanone, 1,10-diamino-5,6-decanediol, 1,10-diamino-6-hydroxy-5-decanone, phenylacetoaldehyde, 1,4-diphenylbutane, 1,4-diphenyl-1-butene, 1,4-diphenyl-2-butene, 1,4-diphenyl-2-butanol, 1,4-diphenyl-2-butanone, 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-butanediol, 1,4-diphenyl-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-(4-hydeoxyphenyl)-4-phenylbutane, 1-(4-hydeoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-1-butene, 1-(4-hydeoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2-butene, 1-(4-hydeoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2-butanol, 1-(4-hydeoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2-butanone, 1-(4-hydeoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2,3-butanediol, 1-(4-hydeoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-(indole-3)-4-phenylbutane, 1-(indole-3)-4-phenyl-1-butene, 1-(indole-3)-4-phenyl-2-butene, 1-(indole-3)-4-phenyl-2-butanol, 1-(indole-3)-4-phenyl-2-butanone, 1-(indole-3)-4-phenyl-2,3-butanediol, 1-(indole-3)-4-phenyl-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-hydroxyphenylacetoaldehyde, 1,4-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 1,4-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-butene, 1,4-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butene, 1,4-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol, 1,4-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 1,4-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-butanediol, 1,4-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(indole-3-)butane, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(indole-3)-1-butene, 1-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(indole-3)-2-butene, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(indole-3)-2-butanol, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(indole-3)-2-butanone, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(indole-3)-2,3-butanediol, 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl-4-(indole-3)-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, indole-3-acetoaldehyde, 1,4-di(indole-3-)butane, 1,4-di(indole-3)-1-butene, 1,4-di(indole-3)-2-butene, 1,4-di(indole-3)-2-butanol, 1,4-di(indole-3)-2-butanone, 1,4-di(indole-3)-2,3-butanediol, 1,4-di(indole-3)-3-hydroxy-2-butanone, succinate semialdehyde, hexane-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, 3-hexene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, 3-hydroxy-hexane-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, 3-hexanone-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, 3,4-hexanediol-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, fucoidan, iodine, chlorophyll, carotenoid, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, and phosphate. 
     
     
         9 . A method for converting a polysaccharide to a suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide, comprising:
 (a) contacting the polysaccharide, wherein the polysaccharide is optionally obtained from biomass, with a microbial system for a time sufficient to convert the polysaccharide to a suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide, wherein the microbial system comprises,
 (i) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a lyase and a hydrolase, wherein the lyase and/or hydrolase optionally comprises at least one signal peptide or at least one autotransporter domain; 
 (ii) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a monosaccharide transporter, a disaccharide transporter, a trisaccharide transporter, an oligosaccharide transporter, a polysaccharide transporter, and a superchannel; and 
 (iii) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a monosaccharide dehydrogenase, an isomerase, a dehydratase, a kinase, and an aldolase, 
   thereby converting the polysaccharide to a suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide.   
     
     
         10 . A method for converting a polysaccharide to a suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide, comprising:
 (a) contacting the polysaccharide, wherein the polysaccharide is optionally obtained from biomass, with a chemical or enzymatic catalysis pathway for a time sufficient to convert the polysaccharide to a first monosaccharide or oligosaccharide; and   (b) contacting the first monosaccharide or oligosaccharide with a microbial system for a time sufficient to convert the first monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide, wherein the microbial system comprises,
 (i) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a lyase and a hydrolase 
 (ii) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a monosaccharide transporter, a disaccharide transporter, a trisaccharide transporter, an oligosaccharide transporter, a polysaccharide transporter, and a superchannel; and 
 (ii) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a monosaccharide dehydrogenase, an isomerase, a dehydratase, a kinase, and an aldolase, 
   thereby converting the polysaccharide to the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide.   
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the lyase is selected from an alginate lyase, a pectate lyase, a polymannuronate lyase, a polygluronate lyase, a polygalacturonate lyase and a rhamnogalacturonate lyase. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the hydrolase is selected from an alginate hydrolase, a rhamnogalacturonate hydrolase, a polymannuronate hydrolase, a pectin hydrolase, and a polygalacturonate hydrolase. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the transporter is selected from an ABC transporter, a symporter, and an outer membrane porin. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the ABC transporter is selected from Atu3021, Atu3022, Atu3023, Atu3024, algM1, algM2, AlgQ1, AlgQ2, AlgS, OG2516 — 05558, OG2516 — 05563, OG2516 — 05568, OG2516 — 05573, TogM, TogN, TogA, TogB, and functional variants thereof. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the symporter is selected from V12B01 — 24239 (SEQ ID NO:26), V12B01 — 24194 (SEQ ID NO:8), and TogT, and functional variants thereof. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the outermembrane porin comprises a porin selected from V12B01 — 24269, KdgM, and KdgN, and functional variants thereof. 
     
     
         17 . A recombinant microorganism that is capable of growing on a polysaccharide as a sole source of carbon, wherein the polysaccharide is selected from alginate, pectin, tri-galacturonate, di-galacturonate, cellulose, and hemi-cellulose. 
     
     
         18 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 17 , wherein the polysaccharide is alginate. 
     
     
         19 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 17 , wherein the polysaccharide is pectin. 
     
     
         20 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 17 , wherein the polysaccharide is tri-galacturonate. 
     
     
         21 . A recombinant microrganism, comprising (i) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a lyase and a hydrolase, wherein the lyase or hydrolase optionally comprises at least one signal peptide or at least one autotransporter domain; (ii) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a monosaccharide transporter, a disaccharide transporter, a trisaccharide transporter, an oligosaccharide transporter, a polysaccharide transporter, and a superchannel; and (iii) at least one gene encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a monosaccharide dehydrogenase, an isomerase, a dehydratase, a kinase, and an aldolase. 
     
     
         22 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 21 , wherein the microorganism is capable of growing on a polysaccharide as a sole source of carbon. 
     
     
         23 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 22 , wherein the polysaccharide is selected from alginate, pectin, and tri-galacturonate. 
     
     
         24 . A method for converting a suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to a first commodity chemical comprising,
 (a) contacting the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide with a microbial system for a time sufficient to convert to the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to the commodity chemical, wherein the microbial system comprises a recombinant microorganism, wherein the microorganism comprises a commodity chemical biosynthesis pathway,   thereby converting the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to the first commodity chemical.   
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 24 , wherein the commodity chemical pathway comprises one or more genes encoding an aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway is selected from one or more of an acetoaldehyde, a propionaldehyde, a butyraldehyde, an isobutyraldehyde, a 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, a 3-methyl-butyraldehyde, a 2-phenyl acetaldehyde, a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde, a 2-Indole-3-acetoaldehyde, a glutaraldehyde, a 5-amino-pentaldehyde, a succinate semialdehyde, and a succinate 4-hydroxyphenyl acetaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 26 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway comprises an acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway and a biosynthesis pathway selected from a propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, 3-methyl-butyraldehyde, a 2-phenyl acetoaldehyde, a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetaldehyde, and a 2-Indole-3-acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 26 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway comprises a propionaldehyde biosynthesis pathway and a biosynthesis pathway selected from a butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, 3-methyl-butyraldehyde, and phenylacetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 26 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway comprises a butyraldehyde biosynthesis pathway and a biosynthesis pathway selected from an isobutyraldehyde, 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, 3-methyl-butyraldehyde, a 2-phenyl acetoaldehyde, a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde, and a 2-Indole-3-acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 26 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway comprises an isobutyraldehyde biosynthesis pathway and a biosynthesis pathway selected from a 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, 3-methyl-butyraldehyde, a 2-phenyl acetoaldehyde, a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde, and a 2-Indole-3-acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 26 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway comprises a 2-methyl-butyraldehyde biosynthesis pathway and a biosynthesis pathway selected from a 3-methyl-butyraldehyde, a 2-phenyl acetoaldehyde, a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde, and a 2-Indole-3-acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 26 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway comprises a 3-methyl-butyraldehyde biosynthesis pathway and a biosynthesis pathway selected from a 2-phenyl acetoaldehyde, a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetaldehyde, and a 2-Indole-3-acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 26 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway comprises a 2-phenyl acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway and a biosynthesis pathway selected from a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde and a 2-Indole-3-acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 26 , wherein the aldehyde or ketone biosynthesis pathway comprises a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde biosynthesis pathway and a 2-Indole-3-acetoaldehyde biosynthesis pathway. 
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 24 , wherein the first commodity chemical is further enzymatically and/or chemically reduced and dehydrated to a second commodity chemical. 
     
     
         36 . A method for converting a suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to a commodity chemical comprising,
 (a) contacting the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide with a microbial system for a time sufficient to convert to the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to the commodity chemical, wherein the microbial system comprises;
 (i) one or more genes encoding and expressing an aldehyde biosynthesis pathway, wherein the aldehyde biosynthesis pathway comprises one or more genes encoding and expressing a decarboxylase enzyme; and 
 (ii) one or more genes encoding and expressing an aldehyde reductase, 
   thereby converting the suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to the commodity chemical.   
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 36 , wherein the decarboxylase enzyme is an indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase (IPDC). 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 37 , wherein the IPDC comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 312 
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 36 , wherein the aldehyde reductase enzyme is a phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR). 
     
     
         40 . The method of  claim 39 , wherein the PAR comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 313. 
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 36 , wherein the commodity chemical is selected from 2-phenylethanol, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol, and indole-3-ethanol. 
     
     
         42 . A recombinant microorganism, comprising (i) one or more genes encoding and expressing an aldehyde biosynthesis pathway, wherein the aldehyde biosynthesis pathway comprises one or more genes encoding and expressing a decarboxylase enzyme; and (ii) one or more genes encoding and expressing an aldehyde reductase. 
     
     
         43 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 42 , wherein the aldehyde biosynthesis pathway further comprises one or more genes encoding and expressing an enzyme selected from a CoA-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase, an aldehyde dehydrogenase, and an alcohol dehydrogenase. 
     
     
         44 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 42 , wherein the decarboxylase enzyme is an indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase (IPDC). 
     
     
         45 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 42 , wherein the aldehyde reductase enzyme is a phenylacetoaldehyde reductase (PAR). 
     
     
         46 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 42 , wherein the microorganism is capable of converting a suitable monosaccharide or oligosaccharide to a commodity chemical. 
     
     
         47 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 46 , wherein the commodity chemical is selected from 2-phenylethanol, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol, and indole-3-ethanol. 
     
     
         48 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 17 , wherein the microorganism comprises reduced ethanol production capability compared to a wild-type microorganism. 
     
     
         49 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 48 , wherein the microorganism comprises a reduction or inhibition in the conversion of acetyl-coA to ethanol. 
     
     
         50 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 48 , wherein the recombinant microorganism comprises a reduction of an ethanol dehydrogenase, thereby providing a reduced ethanol production capability. 
     
     
         51 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 50 , wherein the ethanol dehydrogenase is an adhE, homolog or variant thereof. 
     
     
         52 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 50 , wherein the microorganism comprises a deletion or knockout of an adhE, homolog or variant thereof. 
     
     
         53 . The recombinant microorganism of  claim 17  or  42 , wherein the recombinant microorganism comprises one or more deletions or knockouts in a gene encoding an enzyme selected from an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-coA to ethanol, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fumarate to succinate, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-coA and phosphate to coA and acetyl phosphate, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-coA and formate to coA and pyruvate, and an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha-keto acid to branched chain amino acids. 
     
     
         54 . The microbial system or recombinant microorganism of  claim 1 , wherein the recombinant microorganism or microbial system comprises a microorganism selected from  Acetobacter aceti, Achromobacter, Acidiphilium, Acinetobacter, Actinomadura, Actinoplanes, Aeropyrum pernix, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Ananas comosus  (M),  Arthrobacter, Aspargillus niger, Aspargillus oryze, Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus pulverulentus, Aspergillus saitoi, Aspergillus sojea, Aspergillus usamii, Bacillus alcalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacillus brevis, Burkholderia cepacia, Candida cylindracea, Candida rugosa, Carica papaya  (L),  Cellulosimicrobium, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium erraticum, Chaetomium gracile, Clostridium, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium thermocellum, Corynebacterium  (glutamicum),  Corynebacterium efficiens, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Erwina chrysanthemi, Gliconobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Haloarcula, Humicola insolens, Humicola nsolens, Kitasatospora setae, Klebsiella, Klebsiella oxytoca, Kluyveromyces, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kocuria, Lactlactis, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus sake, Lactococcus, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc, Methylocystis, Methanolobus siciliae, Methanogenium organophilum, Methanobacterium bryantii, Microbacterium imperiale, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Microlunatus, Mucor javanicus, Mycobacterium, Myrothecium, Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Nocardia, Papaya carica, Pediococcus, Pediococcus halophilus, Penicillium, Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium emersonii, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillum lilactinum, Penicillum multicolor, Paracoccus pantotrophus, Propionibacterium, Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas denitrificans, Pyrococcus, Pyrococcus furiosus, Pyrococcus horikoshii, Rhizobium, Rhizomucor miehei, Rhizomucor pusillus Lindt, Rhizopus, Rhizopus delemar, Rhizopus japonicus, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus oligosporus, Rhodococcus, Sccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotina libertina, Sphingobacterium multivorum, Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, Streptococcus, Streptococcus thermophilus  Y-1,  Streptomyces, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces murinus, Streptomyces rubiginosus, Streptomyces violaceoruber, Streptoverticillium mobaraense, Tetragenococcus, Thermus, Thiosphaera pantotropha, Trametes, Trichoderma, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viride, Trichosporon penicillatum, Vibrio alginolyticus, Xanthomonas , yeast,  Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Zymomonas , and  Zymomonus mobilis.    
     
     
         55 . A commodity chemical produced by the method of  claim 1 . 
     
     
         56 . A blended commodity chemical comprising the commodity chemical of  claim 55  and a refinery-produced petroleum product. 
     
     
         57 . The blended commodity chemical of  claim 56 , wherein the commodity chemical is selected from a C10-C12 hydrocarbon, 2-phenylethanol, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol, and indole-3-ethanol. 
     
     
         58 . The blended commodity chemical of  claim 57 , wherein the C10-C12 hydrocarbon is selected from 2,7-dimethyloctane and 2,9-dimethyldecane. 
     
     
         59 . The blended commodity chemical of  claim 56 , wherein the refinery-produced petroleum product is selected from jet fuel and diesel fuel. 
     
     
         60 . A method of producing a commodity chemical enriched refinery-produced petroleum product, comprising
 (a) blending the refinery-produced petroleum product with the commodity chemical produced by the method of  claim 1 ,   thereby producing the commodity chemical enriched refinery-produced petroleum product.