Electrodes with Multilayer Membranes and Methods of Using and Making the Electrodes

Abstract

A sensor including a sensing layer is disposed over an electrode or an optode and a layer-by-layer assembled mass transport limiting membrane disposed over the sensing layer. The membrane includes at least one layer of a polyanionic or polycationic material. The assembled layers of the membrane are typically disposed in an alternating manner. The sensor also optionally includes a biocompatible membrane.

1 - 20 . (canceled) 
   
   
       21 . A membrane structure, comprising:
 a sensing layer composition comprising an analyte responsive enzyme and a redox polymer; and   a flux limiting membrane composition comprising a polymer comprising pyridines,   wherein the flux limiting membrane is disposed on and bound to the sensing layer.   
   
   
       22 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , wherein the membrane structure is disposed on a wire. 
   
   
       23 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , wherein the membrane structure is disposed on a substrate. 
   
   
       24 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , wherein the analyte responsive enzyme is a glucose responsive enzyme. 
   
   
       25 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , wherein the redox polymer comprises an osmium mediator complex. 
   
   
       26 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , wherein the redox polymer comprises a non-leachable redox compound. 
   
   
       27 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , further comprising a biocompatible layer disposed over the flux limiting membrane. 
   
   
       28 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , wherein the flux limiting membrane is configured and arranged to reduce flux of at least one interferent to the sensing layer. 
   
   
       29 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , wherein the flux limiting membrane is sufficient to limit a flux of glucose or lactate thereacross. 
   
   
       30 . The membrane structure of  claim 21 , wherein the membrane structure has an active area of 0.1 cm or less. 
   
   
       31 . The membrane structure of  claim 30 , wherein the active area is in a range of 10 −2  cm 2  to 10 −8  cm 2 . 
   
   
       32 . The membrane structure of  claim 30 , wherein the active area is in a range of 10 −3  cm 2  to 10 −6  cm 2 . 
   
   
       33 . A sensor, comprising:
 an electrode;   a sensing layer composition comprising an analyte responsive enzyme and a redox polymer substrate disposed on the electrode; and   a flux limiting membrane composition comprising a polymer comprising pyridines,   wherein the flux limiting membrane is disposed on and bound to the sensing layer.   
   
   
       34 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the electrode is a wire. 
   
   
       35 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the electrode is disposed on a substrate. 
   
   
       36 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the analyte responsive enzyme is a glucose responsive enzyme. 
   
   
       37 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the redox polymer comprises an osmium mediator complex. 
   
   
       38 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the redox polymer comprises a non-leachable redox compound. 
   
   
       39 . The sensor of  claim 33 , further comprising a biocompatible layer disposed over the flux limiting membrane. 
   
   
       40 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the flux limiting membrane is configured and arranged to reduce flux of at least one interferent to the sensing layer. 
   
   
       41 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the flux limiting membrane is sufficient to limit a flux of glucose or lactate thereacross. 
   
   
       42 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the sensor has an active area of 0.1 cm 2  or less. 
   
   
       43 . The sensor of  claim 42 , wherein the active area is in a range of 10 −2  cm 2  to 10 −8  cm 2 . 
   
   
       44 . The sensor of  claim 42 , wherein the active area is in a range of 10 −3  cm 2  to 10 −6  cm 2 . 
   
   
       45 . The sensor of  claim 33 , wherein the sensor is adapted for implantation of at least a portion of the sensor in an animal.