Amine Sacrificial Agents and Methods and Products Using Same

Abstract

A method of producing cementitious mixtures containing fly ash as one of the cementitious components, under air entrainment conditions is described. The method involves forming a mixture comprising water, cement, fly ash, optionally other cementitious materials, aggregate, conventional chemical admixtures, and an air entrainment agent and agitating the mixture to entrain air therein. Additionally, at least one amine sacrificial agent is included in the mixture. The cementitious mixtures and hardened concretes resulting from the method and fly ash treated with sacrificial agent, or air entrainment agent/sacrificial agent combinations, are also described.

1 . A method of reducing or eliminating the effect of fly ash or other combustion ashes on air entrainment in an air-entraining cementitious mixture, comprising the steps of:
 forming a cementitious mixture comprising water, cement, fly ash or another combustion ash, and an air entrainment agent, and entraining air in the mixture;   wherein a sacrificial agent is also included in the cementitious mixture in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of said fly ash or other combustion ash on air entrainment activity, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in the same cementitious mixture without fly ash or the other combustion ash in said amount, causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,   wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
 R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and 
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said amount of said sacrificial agent exceeds an amount necessary to neutralize said detrimental effects of said components of said fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said fly ash or other combustion ash can vary in content of said components from a minimum content to a maximum content according to a source or batch of said fly ash or other combustion ash, and wherein said amount of said at least one sacrificial agent exceeds an amount necessary to neutralize said detrimental effects of said components of said fly ash when present in said maximum content. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein one or more of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  is independently an alkoxylated or non-alkoxylated, substituted or unsubstituted fatty acid residue. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 4 , wherein the fatty acid residue is selected from the group consisting of saturated fatty acid residues, monounsaturated fatty acid residues, polyunsaturated fatty acid residues, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         6  The method of  claim 4 , wherein one or more of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  is amino-substituted. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a polyoxypropylenediamine. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 6 , wherein the sacrificial agent comprises triethyleneglycol diamine. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of tridodecylamine, dodecyldimethylamine, octadecyldimethylamine, cocoalkyldimethylamines, hydrogenated tallowalkyldimethylamines, oleyldimethylamine, dicocoalkylmethylamine, N-oleyl-1,1′-iminobis-2-propanol, N-tallowalkyl-1,1′-iminobis-2-propanol, polyoxypropylenediamines, triethyleneglycol diamine, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein said sacrificial agent comprises dodecyldimethylamine. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 9 , wherein the sacrificial agent comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of N-oleyl-1,1′-iminobis-2-propanol and N-tallowalkyl-1,1′-iminobis-2-propanol. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the amine is a primary amine. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the amine is a secondary amine. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the amine is a tertiary amine. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the amine is an alcoholamine. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the amine is a polyetheramine. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent comprises a compound having a hydrophobic lipophilic balance rating in the range of 5 to 20. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the sacrificial agent present is a mixture of two or more compounds. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the sacrificial agent includes a first component having a compound A selected from the group consisting of tridodecylamine, dodecyldimethylamine, octadecyldimethylamine, cocoalkyldimethylamines, hydrogenated tallowalkyldimethylamines, oleyldimethylamine, dicocoalkylmethylamine, and mixtures thereof, and a second compound B selected from the group consisting of polyetheramines, diamines, alcoholamines, and mixtures thereof, wherein the weight ratio of compound A to compound B is 1.25:1 to 1:25. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent is a mixture of compounds of different HLB values that together provide the sacrificial agent with an HLB value in said range of 5 to 20. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent comprises a compound for which Log K ow  is in the range of −3 to +2. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent comprises a compound for which Log K ow  is in the range of −2 to +2. 
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent further comprises sodium naphthoate, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, sodium diisopropyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate, sodium dibutyl naphthalene sulfonate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, butoxyethanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, polyethylene glycol and phenyl propylene glycol, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein said sacrificial agent further comprises sodium diisopropyl naphthalene sulfonate. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said cementitious composition further comprises one or more water reducers selected from the group consisting of lignosulfonates, polynaphthalene sulfonates, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent is mixed with said air entrainment agent prior to mixing said sacrificial agent and said air entrainment agent with the fly ash or other combustion ash, cement and water. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent is mixed with the fly ash or other combustion ash prior to mixing said sacrificial agent and said fly ash or other combustion ash with said cement, water and said air entrainment agent. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein said sacrificial agent is added to said fly ash or other combustion ash by spraying a liquid comprising said sacrificial agent onto said fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein said sacrificial agent is added to said fly ash or other combustion ash by mixing a spray-dried solid containing said sacrificial agent with said fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent is added after the fly ash or other combustion ash, cement, water and air entrainment agent have been mixed together. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said amount of sacrificial agent is at least 0.01% by weight of said fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said amount of sacrificial agent is in the range of 0.01 to 2.0% by weight of said fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said amount of sacrificial agent is in the range of 0.1 to 1.0% by weight of said fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said amount of said sacrificial agent is in the range of 0.001% to 0.25% by weight of the total amount of cementitious material including said fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said amount of said sacrificial agents is in the range of 0.001% to 0.10% by weight of the total amount of cementitious material including fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein an additional material selected from the group consisting of sand, aggregate, concrete modifier, and combinations thereof, is incorporated into said mixture. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said cementitious mixture is formed by mixing an amount of said sacrificial agent with said fly ash or other combustion ash to form a pre-treated fly ash or other combustion ash, and then mixing said pre-treated fly ash or other combustion ash with said water, said air entrainment agent and said cement. 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said cementitious mixture is formed by mixing said air entrainment agent and said sacrificial agent to form a component mixture, and then mixing said component mixture with said water, fly ash or other combustion ash and cement, and entraining said air in said mixture. 
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein water, cement, fly ash or other combustion ash, air entrainment agent and sacrificial agent are mixed together simultaneously while entraining said air in the mixture. 
     
     
         40 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent is mixed with said water, cement and fly ash or other combustion ash before said air entrainment agent is added. 
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said sacrificial agent is mixed with said water, cement and fly ash or other combustion ash at the same time as said air entrainment agent. 
     
     
         42 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said fly ash or other combustion ash consists essentially of fly ash. 
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said fly ash or other combustion ash comprises a blend of fly and another combustion ash. 
     
     
         44 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the sacrificial agent, when present in the same cementitious mixture without fly ash or the other combustion ash in said amount causes less than 1 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture. 
     
     
         45 . The method of  claim 1 , further comprising the step of selecting a sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials to reduce or eliminate the effect of fly ash or another combustion ash on air entrainment in a cementitious mixture and selecting an amount of the sacrificial agent such that the amount is at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of said fly ash on air entrainment activity and the amount of sacrificial agent causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the same cementitious mixture without fly ash or the other combustion ash. 
     
     
         46 . The method of  claim 45 , wherein said fly ash or other combustion ash has a predetermined maximum carbon content and the amount of sacrificial agent exceeds the amount necessary to neutralize the maximum carbon content in the fly ash or other combustion ash. 
     
     
         47 . The method of  claim 2 , wherein the sacrificial agent amount used does not result in a substantial increase in air entrainment compared to providing the sacrificial agent in an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of said fly ash on air entrainment activity. 
     
     
         48 . The method of  claim 47 , wherein the sacrificial agent causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture without fly ash. 
     
     
         49 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein said components are carbon content. 
     
     
         50 . A method of reducing or eliminating the effect of fly ash on air entrainment in an air-entraining cementitious mixture, comprising the steps of:
 forming a cementitious mixture comprising water, cement, fly ash, and an air entrainment agent, and entraining air in the mixture;   wherein a sacrificial agent is also included in the cementitious mixture in at least the amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of the carbon content of said fly ash on air entrainment activity, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in the same cementitious mixture without fly ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,   wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
 R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and 
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         51 . A method of addressing the variance of carbon content in fly ash used in cementitious compositions to provide a cementitious composition with a substantially constant level of air entrainment, comprising:
 forming a cementitious mixture comprising water, cement, fly ash, an air entrainment agent, and a sacrificial agent and entraining air in the mixture, wherein the fly ash has a maximum carbon content; and   selecting a sacrificial agent for the cementitious mixture and an amount of the sacrificial agent such that the amount of the sacrificial agent exceeds the amount necessary to neutralize the maximum carbon content in the fly ash,   wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a material or mixture of materials that, when present in the same cementitious mixture without fly ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture, and   wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
 R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and 
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         52 . A method of pre-treating fly ash or another combustion ash to reduce or eliminate the effect the fly ash or the other combustion ash has on air entrainment in an air-entraining cementitious mixture comprising the fly ash or other combustible fly ash and an air-entraining agent, the method comprising:
 mixing a sacrificial agent with fly ash or another combustion ash to form a pre-treated ash, wherein the sacrificial agent is combined with the fly ash or the other combustion ash in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of the fly ash or the other combustion ash on air entrainment activity in the air-entraining cementitious mixture, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in a cementitious mixture without fly ash or another combustion ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,   wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
 R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and 
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         53 . A method of addressing the variance of carbon content in fly ash used in cementitious compositions to provide a cementitious composition with a substantially constant level of air entrainment, comprising:
 selecting a sacrificial agent and an amount of the sacrificial agent such that the amount of the sacrificial agent exceeds the amount necessary to neutralize the maximum carbon content in the fly ash,   mixing the sacrificial agent with fly ash or another combustion ash to form a pre-treated ash,   wherein the sacrificial agent is combined with the fly ash or the other combustion ash in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of the fly ash or the other combustion ash on air entrainment activity in the air-entraining cementitious mixture, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in a cementitious mixture without fly ash or another combustion ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,   wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
 R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and 
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         54 . A composition comprising fly ash or another combustion ash that reduces or eliminates the effect the fly ash or the other combustion ash has on air entrainment in an air-entraining cementitious mixture comprising the fly ash or the other combustible ash and an air-entraining agent, the composition comprising fly ash or another combustion ash and a sacrificial agent, the sacrificial agent present in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of the fly ash or the other combustion ash on air entrainment activity in the air-entraining cementitious mixture, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in a cementitious mixture without fly ash or another combustion ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,
 wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:   R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         55 . A composition that addresses the variance of carbon content in fly ash or another combustion ash used in cementitious compositions to provide a cementitious composition with a substantially constant level of air entrainment, comprising fly ash or another combustion ash and a sacrificial agent, the sacrificial agent present in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of the fly ash or the other combustion ash on air entrainment activity in the air-entraining cementitious mixture, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in a cementitious mixture without fly ash or another combustion ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture, wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
   R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and   R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl;   wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated.     
     
     
         56 . An air-entraining cementitious mixture comprising fly ash or another combustion ash that reduces or eliminates the effect the fly ash or other combustion ash has on air entrainment in the air-entraining cementitious mixture; the air-entraining cementitious mixture comprising air, water, cement, fly ash, an air entrainment agent and a sacrificial agent,
 wherein the sacrificial agent is present in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of the fly ash or the other combustion ash on air entrainment activity in the air-entraining cementitious mixture, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in a cementitious mixture without fly ash or another combustion ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,   wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
 R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and 
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         57 . An air-entraining cementitious mixture comprising fly ash or another combustion ash that addresses the variance of carbon content in fly ash used in cementitious compositions to provide a cementitious composition with a substantially constant level of air entrainment, the air-entraining cementitious mixture comprising air, water, cement, fly ash, an air entrainment agent and a sacrificial agent,
 wherein the sacrificial agent is present in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of the fly ash or the other combustion ash on air entrainment activity in the air-entraining cementitious mixture, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in a cementitious mixture without fly ash or another combustion ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,   wherein the sacrificial agent is present in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of the fly ash or the other combustion ash on air entrainment activity in the air-entraining cementitious mixture, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in a cementitious mixture without fly ash or another combustion ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,   wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
 R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and 
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         58 . An air-entrained hardened cementitious mass comprising fly ash or another combustion ash that reduces or eliminates the effect the fly ash or other combustion ash has on air entrainment in the air-entrained hardened cementitious mass, the air-entrained hardened cementitious mass comprising air, cement, fly ash, an air entrainment agent and an amount of a sacrificial agent, wherein the sacrificial agent is present in at least an amount necessary to neutralize the detrimental effects of components of the fly ash or the other combustion ash on air entrainment activity in the air-entraining cementitious mixture, the sacrificial agent comprising a material or mixture of materials that, when present in a cementitious mixture without fly ash or another combustion ash in said amount causes less than 2 vol. % additional air content in the cementitious mixture,
 wherein the sacrificial agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the structure NR 1 R 2 R 3 , wherein:
 R 1  is a substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-alkoxylated C 5-22  alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkoxylated alkynyl; and 
 R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-22  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 2-22  alkynyl; 
 wherein R 2  and R 3  can be optionally alkoxylated. 
   
     
     
         59 . The method according to  claim 1 , wherein only one of R 2  and R 3  is alkoxylated. 
     
     
         60 . The method according to  claim 1 , wherein R 2  and R 3  are non-alkoxylated.