US2010324093A1PendingUtilityA1

Ccr9 inhibitors and methods of use thereof

Assignee: MILLENNIUM PHARM INCPriority: May 24, 2002Filed: Aug 26, 2010Published: Dec 23, 2010
Est. expiryMay 24, 2022(expired)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
A61P 43/00A61P 9/00A61P 9/10A61P 3/10A61P 37/00A61P 5/14A61P 7/00A61P 37/06A61P 37/08A61P 25/28A61P 29/00A61P 25/00C07C 323/49C07C 311/46C07D 409/04C07D 213/50C07C 311/44C07D 513/04C07D 401/06A61P 21/04A61P 19/02A61P 1/16C07D 409/06C07D 413/14A61P 1/04A61P 11/02A61P 17/06C07D 213/70C07C 311/21C07D 213/46C07D 213/89C07D 213/75C07D 213/80A61P 13/12C07D 405/06A61P 15/14C07C 317/34A61P 11/00C07D 413/04A61P 17/04C07C 311/29A61P 17/00C07D 213/65C07D 239/42C07D 333/34C07D 239/26C07D 213/76C07D 333/62A61P 1/00A61P 1/18C07D 213/71A61P 15/00A61P 21/00A61P 11/06C07D 237/08
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Claims

Abstract

The invention relates to compounds represented by Structural Formula I, which can bind to CCR9 receptors and block the binding of a ligand (e.g., TECK) to the receptors. The invention also relates to a method of inhibiting a function of CCR9, and to the use compounds represented by Structural Formula I in research, therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic methods.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
1 . A compound represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: 
         Y is C(O), O, S, S(O), or S(O) 2 ; 
         X 1 , X 2 , and X 3  are each, independently, N or CR, provided that at least one of 
         X 1 , X 2 , or X 3  is CR; 
         R for each occurrence and R 1  are each, independently, H or a substituent; 
         R 6  is H, an aliphatic carbonyl group, or an aliphatic ester; 
         ring A is substituted or unsubstituted; and 
         Ar 1  and Ar 2  are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 
       
     
     
         2 . The compound of  claim 1 , wherein Ar 2  is phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, or thianaphthenyl, each group being substituted or unsubstituted. 
     
     
         3 . The compound of  claim 1 , wherein Ar 1  is phenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyrazinyl, each group being substituted or unsubstituted. 
     
     
         4 . The compound of  claim 1 , which is represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: Y is S, O, S(O), or S(O) 2 ; 
         R 19  and R 20  are each, independently, H or a substituent. 
       
     
     
         5 . The compound of  claim 1 , which is represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and each R are, independently, H, an aliphatic group, haloalkyl, halo, COOH, NO 2 , alkoxy, or haloalkoxy; and 
       
       X 4  is CR, N or N + —O − . 
     
     
         6 . The compound of  claim 1  which is represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: 
         X 4  is CR, N or N + —O − ; 
         R 8  is H or an electron withdrawing group; 
         m and n are each, independently, 0 or an integer from 1 to 3; 
         each R 9  is, independently, aliphatic group, haloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, alkylthio, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, NR 11 CO 2 R 12 , C(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , C(O)R 12 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , OC(O)R 12 , N(R 11 ) 2 , or NR 11 C(O)R 12 ; or two adjacent R 9  groups taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused, saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated 5 to 7 membered ring having 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; 
         each R 10  is, independently, halo, an aliphatic group, alkoxy, or haloalkyl; or two adjacent R 10  groups taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused, saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated 5 to 7 membered ring having 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; 
         each R 11  is, independently, H or an aliphatic group; and 
         R 12  is an aliphatic group. 
       
     
     
         7 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein the compound is represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: 
         ring B is substituted or unsubstituted; 
         p is 0 or an integer from 1-3; and 
         each R 13  is, independently, a halo or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 
       
     
     
         8 . A compound selected from the group consisting of: 
       
         
           
                 
               
                     
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   Thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-iodo-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-chloro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-tert-butyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-propyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Ethyl-N-[4-nitro-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzoyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-methyl-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-chloro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-ethoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-propoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-butoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-benzyloxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-phenoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-ethoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isobutyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-ethoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-chloro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Benzoyl-6-(4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonylamino)-nicotinic acid 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-2-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(5-Benzoyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-trifluoromethoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(5-Benzoyl-2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclobutyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-tert-butoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclopentyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropylsulfanyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclohexyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzenesulfinyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzenesulfonyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyrimidine-5-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridazine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-trifluoromethoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Oxazol-5-yl-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-ethylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-(1-Methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4- 
                 
                   chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-iodo-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-diethylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-dimethylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-(2-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   Thiophene-3-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   5-Bromo-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   5-Chloro-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenylsulfamoyl)-phenyl]-acetamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-cyano-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4,5-Dibromo-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-3-sulfonyl)-phenyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid [4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-3-bromo-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-3-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-methoxy-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Chloro-3-methyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)- 
                 
                   amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-phenyl)-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Isoxazol-3-yl-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-phenyl)-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   Benzo[b]thiophene-3-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(4-Chloro-2-phenylsulfanyl-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzenesulfonyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(1-oxy-pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Isopropoxy-N-[2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Ethoxy-N-[2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(3-fluoro-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(3-fluoro-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Oxazol-5-yl-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid [5-chloro-3-(3-fluoro-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- 
                 
                   amide 
                 
                   N-[3-(Benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-pyridin-4-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenes 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Oxazol-5-yl-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (3-benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-isopropylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(4-Benzoyl-pyridin-3-yl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(4-Benzoyl-pyridin-3-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yloxy)-phenyl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-pyridin-3-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[3-(3-Fluoro-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yloxy)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Isopropoxy-N-[3-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-pyridin-4-yl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   6-Isopropoxy-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid (3-benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-amide 
                 
                   6-Isopropoxy-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide; and pharmaceutically 
                 
                   acceptable salts, solvates, and hydrates thereof. 
                 
                     
                 
             
                
               
               
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
         9 . A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the compound of  claim 1 . 
     
     
         10 . A method of inhibiting a CCR9 receptor function in a subject in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: 
         Y is C(O), S, O, S(O) or S(O) 2 ; 
         X 1 , X 2 , and X 3  are each, independently, N or CR, provided that at least one of X 1 , X 2 , or X 3  is CR; 
         R, for each occurrence, and R 1  are each, independently, H or a substituent; 
         R 6  is H, an aliphatic carbonyl group, or an aliphatic ester; and 
         ring A is substituted or unsubstituted; 
         Ar 1  and Ar 2  are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. 
       
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 10 , wherein the compound is represented by a structural formula selected from the group consisting of A, B, C, and D: 
       A. 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: R 19  and R 20  are each, independently, H or a substituent; 
       
       B. 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and each R are, independently, H, an aliphatic group, haloalkyl, a halo, COOH, NO 2 , alkoxy, or haloalkoxy; and 
       
       X 4  is CR, N or N + —O − ; 
       C. 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, wherein: 
         X 4  is CR, N or N + —O − ; 
         R 8  is H or an electron withdrawing group; 
         m and n are each, independently, 0 or an integer from 1 to 3; 
         each R 9  is, independently, an aliphatic group, haloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, alkylthio, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, NR 11 CO 2 R 12 , C(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , C(O)R 12 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , OC(O)R 12 , N(R 11 ) 2 , or NR 11 C(O)R 12 ; or two adjacent R 9  groups taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused, saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated 5 to 7 membered ring having 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; 
         each R 10  is, independently, halo, aliphatic group, alkoxy, or haloalkyl; or two adjacent R 10  groups taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused, saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated 5 to 7 membered ring having 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; 
         each R 11  is, independently, H or an aliphatic group; and 
         R 12  is an aliphatic group; and 
       
       D. 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, wherein: 
         R 8  is halo, nitro, alkylcarbonyl or trihaloalkyl; 
         p is 0 or an integer from 1 to 3; and 
         each R 13  is, independently, a halo, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 
       
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 10  wherein the subject is being treated for an inflammatory disease or condition. 
     
     
         13 . A method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: 
         Y is C(O), S, O, S(O) or S(O) 2 ; 
         X 1 , X 2 , and X 3  are each, independently, N or CR, provided that at least one of X 1 , X 2 , or X 3  is CR; 
         R, for each occurrence, and R 1  are each, independently, H or a substituent; and 
         ring A is substituted or unsubstituted; 
         R 6  is H, an aliphatic group, an aryl group or an aliphatic carbonyl group; and 
         Ar 1  and Ar 2  are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. 
       
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the compound is represented by a structural formula selected from the group consisting of A, B, C, and D: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       A.
 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
 wherein: R 19  and R 20  are each, independently, H or a substituent. 
 
       B. 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and each R are, independently, H, an aliphatic group, haloalkyl, halo, COOH, NO 2 , alkoxy, or haloalkoxy; and 
       
       X 4  is CR, N or N + —O − ; 
       C. 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, wherein: 
         X 4  is CR, N or N + —O − ; 
         R 8  is H or an electron withdrawing group; 
         m and n are each, independently, 0 or an integer from 1 to 3; 
         each R 9  is, independently, aliphatic group, haloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, alkylthio, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, NR 11 CO 2 R 12 , C(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , C(O)R 12 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , OC(O)R 12 , N(R 11 ) 2 , or NR 11 C(O)R 12 ; or two adjacent R 9  groups taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused, saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated 5 to 7 membered ring having 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; 
         each R 10  is, independently, halo, aliphatic group, alkoxy, or haloalkyl; or two adjacent R 10  groups taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused, saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated 5 to 7 membered ring having 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; 
         each R 11  is, independently, H or an aliphatic group; and 
         R 12  is an aliphatic group; and 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       D.
 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
 
       wherein:
 R 8  is a halo, nitro, alkylcarbonyl or trihaloalkyl; 
 p is 0 or an integer from 1 to 3; and 
 each R 13  is, independently, a halo, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 
 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 
       
         
           
                 
               
                     
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   Thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-iodo-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-chloro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-tert-butyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-propyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Ethyl-N-[4-nitro-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzoyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-methyl-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-chloro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-ethoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-propoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-butoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-benzyloxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-phenoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-ethoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isobutyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-ethoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-chloro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Benzoyl-6-(4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonylamino)-nicotinic acid 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-2-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(5-Benzoyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-trifluoromethoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(5-Benzoyl-2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidin-4-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclobutyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-tert-butoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclopentyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropylsulfanyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-cyclohexyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzenesulfinyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzenesulfonyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyrimidine-5-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridazine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-nitro-phenyl)-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-trifluoromethoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Oxazol-5-yl-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-ethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-ethylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-(1-Methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4- 
                 
                   chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-iodo-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-diethylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-bromo-phenyl)-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-dimethylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-(2-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   Thiophene-3-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   5-Bromo-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   5-Chloro-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenylsulfamoyl)-phenyl]-acetamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-methoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-cyano-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4,5-Dibromo-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-3-sulfonyl)-phenyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid [4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-phenyl]-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-3-bromo-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-3-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(2-methoxy-benzoyl)-phenyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Chloro-3-methyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)- 
                 
                   amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-phenyl)-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Isoxazol-3-yl-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-phenyl)-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   Benzo[b]thiophene-3-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(4-Chloro-2-phenylsulfanyl-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzenesulfonyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(1-oxy-pyridine-4-carbonyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Isopropoxy-N-[2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Ethoxy-N-[2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(3-fluoro-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(3-fluoro-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[5-Chloro-3-(thiophene-2-carbonyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Oxazol-5-yl-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid [5-chloro-3-(3-fluoro-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- 
                 
                   amide 
                 
                   N-[3-(Benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy- 
                 
                   benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-pyridin-4-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(3-Benzoyl-5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   5-Oxazol-5-yl-thiophene-2-sulfonic acid (3-benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-amide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-4-isopropylamino-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(4-Benzoyl-pyridin-3-yl)-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(4-Benzoyl-pyridin-3-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yloxy)-phenyl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-pyridin-3-yl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[3-(3-Fluoro-benzoyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yloxy)-phenyl]-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   4-Isopropoxy-N-[3-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)-pyridin-4-yl]-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   6-Isopropoxy-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid (3-benzoyl-5-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-amide 
                 
                   6-Isopropoxy-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid (2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenyl)-amide 
                 
                   N-[4-Chloro-2-(pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-4-isopropyl-benzenesulfonamide 
                 
                   N-(2-Benzoyl-phenyl)-4-isopropoxy-benzenesulfonamide; and pharmaceutically 
                 
                   acceptable salts, solvates, and hydrates thereof. 
                 
                     
                 
             
                
               
               
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the inflammatory disease or condition is Crohn's disease or colitis. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the inflammatory disease or condition is Celiac's disease. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 13 , wherein the compound inhibits the binding of a ligand to CCR9. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the ligand is TECK. 
     
     
         20 . A method of inhibiting CCR9-mediated homing of leukocytes in a subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one compound represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: 
         Y is C(O), S, S(O) or S(O) 2 ; 
         X 1 , X 2 , and X 3  are each, independently, N or CR, provided that at least one of X 1 , X 2 , or X 3  is CR; 
         R, for each occurrence, and R 1  are each, independently, H or a substituent; 
         R 6  is H, an aliphatic group, an aryl group or an aliphatic carbonyl group; 
         ring A is substituted or unsubstituted; and 
         Ar 1  and Ar 2  are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. 
       
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 20 , wherein the compound is represented by a structural formula selected from the group consisting of A, B, C, and D: 
       A. 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: R 19  and R 20  are each, independently, H or a substituent. 
       
       B. 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
         wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and each R are, independently, H, an aliphatic group, haloalkyl, halo, COOH, NO 2 , alkoxy, or haloalkoxy; and 
       
       X 4  is CR, N or N + —O−;
 C. 
 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, wherein: 
         X 4  is CR, N or N + —O − ; 
         R 8  is H or an electron withdrawing group; 
         m and n are each, independently, 0 or an integer from 1 to 3; 
         each R 9  is, independently, an aliphatic group, haloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, alkylthio, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, NR 11 CO 2 R 12 , C(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , C(O)R 12 , CO 2 R 12 , OC(O)N(R 11 ) 2 , OC(O)R 12 , N(R 11 ) 2 , or NR 11 C(O)R 12 ; or two adjacent R 9  groups taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused, saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated 5 to 7 membered ring having 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; 
         each R 10  is, independently, halo, aliphatic group, alkoxy, or haloalkyl; or two adjacent R 10  groups taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a fused, saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated 5 to 7 membered ring having 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; 
         each R 11  is, independently, H or an aliphatic group; and 
         R 12  is an aliphatic group; and 
         D. 
       
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, 
       
       wherein:
 R 8  is a halo, nitro, alkylcarbonyl or trihaloalkyl; 
 p is 0 or an integer from 1 to 3; and 
 each R 13  is, independently, a halo, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. 
 
     
     
         22 . A method of inhibiting homing of leukocytes to mucosal tissue in a subject in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of at least one compound represented by the following structural formula: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or hydrates thereof, wherein: 
         Y is C(O), S, S(O) or S(O) 2 ; 
         X 1 , X 2 , and X 3  are each, independently, N or CR, provided that at least one of X 1 , X 2 , or X 3  is CR; 
         R, for each occurrence, and R 1  are each, independently, H or a substituent; 
         R 6  is H, an aliphatic group, an aryl group or an aliphatic carbonyl group; 
         ring A is substituted or unsubstituted; and 
         Ar 1  and Ar 2  are each, independently, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.

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