Particles coated with zwitterionic polymers

Abstract

Nanoparticles zwitterionic polymers grafted thereto or grafted therefrom, and methods for making and using the nanoparticles. Zwitterionic nanogels, and methods for making and using the nanogels.

1 . A particle, comprising:
 (a) a core, and   (b) a surface having a plurality of zwitterionic polymers grafted thereto or grafted therefrom.   
     
     
         2 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the particle has nanoscale dimensions. 
     
     
         3 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the core comprises a metal, a metal oxide, a ceramic, a synthetic polymer, a natural polymer, silicon dioxide, a crystal, a semiconductor material, a hydrogel, a liposome, a micelle, or a carbon-based material. 
     
     
         4 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the core comprises gold, silver, iron, or platinum, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         5 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the core comprises titanium oxide, iron oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, copper oxide, or tantalum oxide, or combinations thereof. 
     
     
         6 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the core comprises a carbon fiber, a carbon nanotube, a carbon nanosheet, a carbon nanobelt, a carbon nanorod, a carbon nanowire, and a carbon nanodish. 
     
     
         7 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the core comprises polyurethane, polyethylene, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), or silicone. 
     
     
         8 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the core comprises calcium fluoride or quartz. 
     
     
         9 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the core is a quantum dot. 
     
     
         10 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polymer has the formula:
   PB-(L 1 -N + (R a )(R b )-L 2 -A(═O)—OM) n  (X) n  
   wherein PB is a polymer backbone having n pendant groups L 1 -N + (R a )(R b )-L 2 -A(═O)—OM);   N +  is a cationic center;   R a  and R b  are independently optional as necessary to provide a cationic center and independently selected from alkyl and aryl;   A(═O)—OM is the anionic center, wherein A is C, S, SO, P, or PO, and wherein M is a counterion;   L 1  is a linker that covalently couples the cationic center to the polymer backbone;   L 2  is a linker that covalently couples the cationic center to the anionic center;   X −  is the counter ion associated with the cationic center; and   n is an integer from 1 to about 10,000.   
     
     
         11 . The particle of  claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polymer has the formula:
   PB-[L 1 -N + (R a )(R b )(R c )] n [L 2 -A(═O)—OM] p (X − ) n  
   wherein PB is a polymer backbone having n pendant groups L 1 -N + (R a )(R b )(R c ) and p pendant groups L 2 -A(═O)—OM;   N +  is a cationic center;   R a , R b , and R c  are independently optional as necessary to provide a cationic center and independently selected from alkyl and aryl;   A(═O)—OM is the anionic center, wherein A is C, S, SO, P, or PO, and wherein M is a counterion;   L 1  is a linker that covalently couples the cationic center to the polymer backbone;   L 2  is a linker that covalently couples the anionic center to the polymer backbone;   X −  is the counter ion associated with the cationic center;   n is an integer from 1 to about 10,000; and   p is an integer from 1 to about 10,000.   
     
     
         12 . The particle of  claim 1  further comprising one or more targeting agents. 
     
     
         13 . A nanogel, comprising a zwitterionic polymer having the formula:
   PB-(L 1 -N + (R a )(R b )-L 2 -A(═O)—OM) n (X − ) n  
   wherein PB is a polymer backbone having n pendant groups L 1 -N + (R a )(R b )-L 2 -A(═O)—OM) comprises crosslinks for those nanogels that are crosslinked;   N +  is a cationic center;   R a  and R b  are independently optional as necessary to provide a cationic center and independently selected from alkyl and aryl;   A(═O)—OM is the anionic center, wherein A is C, S, SO, P, or PO, and wherein M is a counterion;   L 1  is a linker that covalently couples the cationic center to the polymer backbone;   L 2  is a linker that covalently couples the cationic center to the anionic center;   X −  is the counter ion associated with the cationic center; and   n is an integer from 1 to about 10,000.   
     
     
         14 . The nanogel of  claim 13  further comprising one or more therapeutic agents. 
     
     
         15 . The nanogel of  claim 13  further comprising one or more diagnostic agents. 
     
     
         16 . The nanogel of  claim 14  further comprising one or more targeting agents. 
     
     
         17 . The nanogel of  claim 15  further comprising one or more targeting agents. 
     
     
         18 . The nanogel of  claim 16  further comprising one or more diagnostic agents. 
     
     
         19 . A nanogel, comprising a zwitterionic polymer having the formula:
   PB-[L 1 -N + (R a )(R b )(R c )] n [L 2 -A(═O)—OM] p (X − ) n  
   wherein PB is a polymer backbone having n pendant groups L 1 -N + (R a )(R b )(R c ) and p pendant groups L 2 -A(═O)—OM;   N +  is a cationic center;   R a , R b , and R c  are independently optional as necessary to provide a cationic center and independently selected from alkyl and aryl;   A(═O)—OM is the anionic center, wherein A is C, S, SO, P, or PO, and wherein M is a counterion;   L 1  is a linker that covalently couples the cationic center to the polymer backbone;   L 2  is a linker that covalently couples the anionic center to the polymer backbone;   X −  is the counter ion associated with the cationic center;   n is an integer from 1 to about 10,000; and   p is an integer from 1 to about 10,000.   
     
     
         20 . The nanogel of  claim 19  further comprising one or more therapeutic agents. 
     
     
         21 . The nanogel of  claim 19  further comprising one or more diagnostic agents. 
     
     
         22 . The nanogel of  claim 20  further comprising one or more targeting agents. 
     
     
         23 . The nanogel of  claim 21  further comprising one or more targeting agents. 
     
     
         24 . The nanogel of  claim 22  further comprising one or more diagnostic agents.