Heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyst reactor

Abstract

A power source and hydride reactor is provided comprising a reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, a source of atomic hydrogen, a source of a hydrogen catalyst comprising a solid, liquid, or heterogeneous catalyst reaction mixture. The catalysis reaction is activated or initiated and propagated by one or more chemical other reactions. These reactions maintained on a electrically conductive support can be of several classes such as (i) exothermic reactions which provide the activation energy for the hydrino catalysis reaction, (ii) coupled reactions that provide for at least one of a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen to support the hydrino catalyst reaction, (iii) free radical reactions that serve as an acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino catalysis reaction, (iv) oxidation-reduction reactions that, in an embodiment, serve as an acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino catalysis reaction, (v) exchange reactions such as anion exchange that facilitate the action of the catalyst to become ionized as it accepts energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, and (vi) getter, support, or matrix-assisted hydrino reaction that may provide at least one of a chemical environment for the hydrino reaction, act to transfer electrons to facilitate the H catalyst function, undergoes a reversible phase or other physical change or change in its electronic state, and binds a lower-energy hydrogen product to increase at least one of the extent or rate of the hydrino reaction. Power and chemical plants that can be operated continuously using electrolysis or thermal regeneration reactions maintained in synchrony with at least one of power and lower-energy-hydrogen chemical production.

1 . A power source comprising:
 a reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrogen species that have a total energy that is more negative and more stable than that of the uncatalyzed hydrogen species and compositions of matter comprising said hydrogen species;   a reaction vessel;   a vacuum pump;   a source of atomic hydrogen from a source in communication with the reaction vessel;   a source of a hydrogen catalyst in communication with the reaction vessel,   the source of at least one of the source of atomic hydrogen and the source of hydrogen catalyst comprising a reaction mixture of at least one reactant comprising the element or elements that form at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst and at least one other element, whereby at least one of the atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst is formed from the source,   at least one other reactant to cause catalysis by performing at least one function of activating and propagating the catalysis; and   a heater for the vessel which initiates the formation of at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst in the reaction vessel, and initiates the reaction to cause catalysis whereby the catalysis of atomic hydrogen releases energy in an amount greater than about 300 kJ per mole of hydrogen during the catalysis of the hydrogen atom.   
     
     
         2 . The power source of  claim 1  wherein the reaction to cause the catalysis reaction comprise a reaction chosen from:
 (i) exothermic reactions which provide the activation energy for the catalysis reaction; 
 (ii) coupled reactions that provide for at least one of a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen to support the catalysis reaction; 
 (iii) free radical reactions that serve as an acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the catalysis reaction; 
 (iv) oxidation-reduction reactions that serve as an acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the catalysis reaction; 
 (v) exchange reactions facilitate the action of the catalyst to become ionized as it accepts energy from atomic hydrogen to form said hydrogen species, and 
 (vi) getter, support, or matrix-assisted catalysis reaction. 
 
     
     
         3 . The power source of  claim 1  wherein the reaction mixture comprises an electrically conductive support to enable the catalysis reaction. 
     
     
         4 . The power source of  claim 1  wherein the reaction mixture comprises a solid, liquid, or heterogeneous catalysis reaction mixture. 
     
     
         5 . The power source of  claim 2  wherein the reaction mixture comprising an oxidation-reduction reaction to cause the catalysis reaction comprises:
 (i) at least one catalyst chosen from Li, LiH, K, KH, NaH, Rb, RbH, Cs, and CsH; 
 (ii) H 2  gas, a source of H 2  gas, or a hydride; 
 (iii) at least one oxidant chosen from 
 metal compounds comprising halides, phosphides, borides, oxides, hydroxide, silicides, nitrides, arsenides, selenides, tellurides, antimonides, carbides, sulfides, hydrides, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, sulfates, hydrogen sulfates, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, permanganates, chlorates, perchlorates, chlorites, perchlorites, hypochlorites, bromates, perbromates, bromites, perbromites, iodates, periodates, iodites, periodites, chromates, dichromates, tellurates, selenates, arsenates, silicates, borates, cobalt oxides, tellurium oxides, and oxyanions of halogens, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Mn, Cr, Co, and Te; 
 a transition metal, Sn, Ga, In, lead, germanium, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal compound; 
 GeF 2 , GeCl 2 , GeBr 2 , GeI 2 , GeO, GeP, GeS, GeI 4 , and GeCl 4 , fluorocarbon, CF 4 , ClCF 3 , chlorocarbon, CCl 4 , O 2 , MNO 3 , MClO 4 , MO 2 , NF 3 , N 2 O, NO, NO 2 , a boron-nitrogen compound such as B 3 N 3 H 6 , a sulfur compound such as SF 6 , S, SO 2 , SO 3 , S 2 O 5 Cl 2 , F 5 SOF, M 2 S 2 O 8 , S x X y  such as S 2 Cl 2 , SCl 2 , S 2 Br 2 , or S 2 F 2 , CS 2 , SO x X y , SOCl 2 , SOF 2 , SO 2 F 2 , SOBr 2 , X x X′ y , ClF 5 , X x X′ y O z , ClO 2 F, ClO 2 F 2 , ClOF 3 , ClO 3 F, ClO 2 F 3 , boron-nitrogen compound, B 3 N 3 H 6 , Se, Te, Bi, As, Sb, Bi, TeX x , TeF 4 , TeF 6 , TeO x , TeO 2 , TeO 3 , SeX x , SeF 6 , SeO x , SeO 2  or SeO 3 , a tellurium oxide, halide, tellurium compound, TeO 2 , TeO 3 , Te(OH) 6 , TeBr 2 , TeCl 2 , TeBr 4 , TeCl 4 , TeF 4 , TeI 4 , TeF 6 , CoTe, or NiTe, a selenium compound. a selenium oxide, a selenium halide, a selenium sulfide, SeO 2 , SeO 3 , Se 2 Br 2 , Se 2 Cl 2 , SeBr 4 , SeCl 4 , SeF 4 , SeF 6 , SeOBr 2 , SeOCl 2 , SeOF 2 , SeO 2 F 2 , SeS 2 , Se 2 S 6 , Se 4 S 4 , or Se 6 S 2 , P, P 2 O 5 , P 2 S 5 , P x X y , PF 3 , PCl 3 , PBr 3 , PI 3 , PF 5 , PCl 5 , PBr 4 F, PCl 4 F, PO x X y , POBr 3 , POI 3 , POCl 3  or POF 3 , PS x X y , (M is an alkali metal, x, y and z are integers, X and X′ are halogen) PSBr 3 , PSF 3 , PSCl 3 , a phosphorous-nitrogen compound, P 3 N 5 , (Cl 2 PN) 3 , (Cl 2 PN) 4 , (Br 2 PN) x , an arsenic compound, an arsenic oxide, arsenic halide, arsenic sulfide, arsenic selenide, arsenic telluride, AlAs, As 2 I 4 , As 2 Se, As 4 S 4 , AsBr 3 , AsCl 3 , AsF 3 , AsI 3 , As 2 O 3 , As 2 Se 3 , As 2 S 3 , As 2 Te 3 , AsCl 5 , AsF 5 , As 2 O 5 , As 2 Se 5 , As 2 S 5 , an antimony compound, an antimony oxide, an antimony halide, an antimony sulfide, an antimony sulfate, an antimony selenide, an antimony arsenide, SbAs, SbBr 3 , SbCl 3 , SbF 3 , SbI 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , SbOCl, Sb 2 Se 3 , Sb 2 (SO4) 3 , Sb 2 S 3 , Sb 2 Te 3 , Sb 2 O 4 , SbCl 5 , SbF 5 , SbCl 2 F 3 , Sb 2 O 5 , Sb 2 S 5 , a bismuth compound, a bismuth oxide, a bismuth halide, a bismuth sulfide, a bismuth selenide, BiAsO4, BiBr 3 , BiCl 3 , BiF 3 , BiF 5 , Bi(OH) 3 , BiI 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , BiOBr, BiOCl, BiOI, Bi 2 Se 3 , Bi 2 S 3 , Bi 2 Te 3 , Bi 2 O 4 , SiCl 4 , SiBr 4 , a transition metal halide, CrCl 3 , ZnF 2 , ZnBr 2 , ZnI 2 , MnCl 2 , MnBr 2 , MnI 2 , CoBr 2 , CoI 2 , CoCl 2 , NiCl 2 , NiBr 2 , NiF 2 , FeF 2 , FeCl 2 , FeBr 2 , FeCl 3 , TiF 3 , CuBr, CuBr 2 , VF 3 , CuCl 2 , a metal halide, SnF 2 , SnCl 2 , SnBr 2 , SnI 2 , SnF 4 , SnCl 4 , SnBr 4 , SnI 4 , InF, InCI, InBr, InI, AgCl, AgI, AlF 3 , AlBr 3 , AlI 3 , YF 3 , CdCl 2 , CdBr 2 , CdI 2 , InCl 3 , ZrCl 4 , NbF 5 , TaCl 5 , MoCl 3 , MoCl 5 , NbCl 5 , AsCl 3 , TiBr 4 , SeCl 2 , SeCl 4 , InF 3 , InCl 3 , PbF 4 , TeI 4 , WCl 6 , OsCl 3 , GaCl 3 , PtCl 3 , ReCl 3 , RhCl 3 , RuCl 3 , metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, Y 2 O 3 , FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , or NbO, NiO, Ni 2 O 3 , SnO, SnO 2 , Ag 2 O, AgO, Ga 2 O, As 2 O 3 , SeO 2 , TeO 2 , In(OH) 3 , Sn(OH) 2 , In(OH) 3 , Ga(OH) 3 , Bi(OH) 3 , CO 2 , As 2 Se 3 , SF 6 , S, SbF 3 , CF 4 , NF 3 , a metal permanganate, KMnO 4 , NaMnO 4 , P 2 O 5 , a metal nitrate, LiNO 3 , NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , a boron halide, BBr 3 , BI 3 , a group 13 halide, an indium halide, InBr 2 , InCl 2 , InI 3 , a silver halide, AgCl, AgI, a lead halide, a cadmium halide, a zirconoium halide, a transition metal oxide, a transition metal sulfide, or a transition metal halide (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn with F, Cl, Br or I), a second or third transition series halide, YF 3 , second or third transition series oxide, second or third transition series sulfide, Y 2 S 3 , a halide of Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Os, such as NbX 3 , NbX 5 , or TaX 5 , Li 2 S, ZnS, FeS, NiS, MnS, Cu 2 S, CuS, SnS, an alkaline earth halide, BaBr 2 , BaCl 2 , BaI 2 , SrBr 2 , SrI 2 , CaBr 2 , CaI 2 , MgBr 2 , or MgI 2 , a rare earth halide, EuBr 3 , LaF 3 , LaBr 3 , CeBr 3 , GdF 3 , GdBr 3 , a rare earth halide with the metal in the II state, CeI 2 , EuF 2 , EuCl 2 , EuBr 2 , EuI 2 , DyI 2 , NdI 2 , SmI 2 , YbI 2 , and TmI 2 , a metal boride, a europium boride, an MB 2  boride, CrB 2 , TiB 2 , MgB 2 , ZrB 2 , GdB 2 , an alkali halide, LiCl, RbCl, or CsI, a metal phosphide, as Ca 3 P 2 , a noble metal halide, a noble metal oxide, a noble metal sulfide, PtCl 2 , PtBr 2 , PtI 2 , PtCl 4 , PdCl 2 , PbBr 2 , PbI 2 , a rare earth sulfide, CeS, a La halide, a Gd halide, a metal and an anion, Na 2 TeO 4 , Na 2 TeO 3 , Co(CN) 2 , CoSb, CoAs, CO 2 P, CoO, CoSe, CoTe, NiSb, NiAs, NiSe, Ni 2 Si, MgSe, a rare earth telluride, EuTe, a rare earth selenide, EuSe, a rare earth nitride, EuN, a metal nitride, MN, GdN, Mg 3 N 2 , a compound containing at least two atoms chosen from oxygen and different halogen atoms, F 2 O, Cl 2 O, ClO 2 , Cl 2 O 6 , Cl 2 O 7 , ClF, ClF 3 , ClOF 3 , ClF 5 , ClO 2 F, ClO 2 F 3 , ClO 3 F, BrF 3 , BrF5, I 2 O 5 , IBr, ICl, ICl 3 , IF, IF 3 , IF 5 , IF 7 , a metal second or third transition series halide, OsF 6 , PtF 6 , or IrF 6 , a compound that can form a metal upon reduction, a metal hydride, rare earth hydride, alkaline earth hydride, or alkali hydride; 
 (iv) at least one reductant chosen from a metal, an alkali, alkaline earth, transition, second and third series transition, and rare earth metals, Al, Mg, MgH 2 , Si, La, B, Zr, and Ti powders, and H 2 , and 
 (v) at least one electrically conducting support chosen from AC, 1% Pt or Pd on carbon (Pt/C, Pd/C), a carbide, TiC, and WC. 
 
     
     
         6 . The power source of  claim 2  wherein the reaction mixture comprising an oxidation-reduction reaction to cause the catalysis reaction comprises:
 (i) at least one catalyst or a source of catalyst comprising a metal or a hydride from the Group I elements; 
 (ii) at least one source of hydrogen comprising H 2  gas or a source of H 2  gas, or a hydride; 
 (iii) at least one oxidant comprising an atom or ion or a compound comprising at least one of the elements from Groups 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 chosen from F, Cl, Br, I, B, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, S, Se, and Te; 
 (iv) at least one reductant comprising an element or hydride chosen from Mg, MgH 2 , Al, Si, B, Zr, and a rare earth metal; and 
 (v) at least one electrically conductive support chosen from carbon, AC, graphene, carbon impregnated with a metal, Pt/C, Pd/C, a carbide, TiC, and WC. 
 
     
     
         7 . The power source of  claim 2  wherein the reaction mixture comprising an oxidation-reduction reaction to cause the catalysis reaction comprises:
 (i) at least one catalyst or a source of catalyst comprising a metal or a hydride from the Group I elements; 
 (ii) at least one source of hydrogen comprising H 2  gas or a source of H 2  gas, or a hydride; 
 (iii) at least one oxidant comprising a halide, oxide, or sulfide compound of the elements chosen from Groups IA, IIA, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, 10d, 11d, 12d, and lanthanides; 
 (iv) at least one reductant comprising an element or hydride chosen from Mg, MgH 2 , Al, Si, B, Zr, and a rare earth metal; and 
 (v) at least one electrically conductive support chosen from carbon, AC, graphene, carbon impregnated with a metal such as Pt or Pd/C, a carbide, TiC, and WC. 
 
     
     
         8 . The power source of  claim 2  wherein the exchange reaction to cause the catalysis reaction comprises an anion exchange between at least two of the oxidant, reductant, and catalyst wherein the anion is chosen from halide, hydride, oxide, sulfide, nitride, boride, carbide, silicide, arsenide, selenide, telluride, phosphide, nitrate, hydrogen sulfide, carbonate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, perchlorate, chromate, dichromate, cobalt oxide, and oxyanions. 
     
     
         9 . The power source of  claim 8  wherein the exchange reaction to cause the catalysis is reversible thermally to regenerate the initial exchange reactants. 
     
     
         10 . The power source of  claim 9  wherein the thermally regenerative reactants comprise
 (i) at least one catalyst or a source of catalyst chosen from NaH and KH; 
 (ii) a source of hydrogen chosen from NaH, KH, and MgH 2 ; 
 (iii) at least one oxidant chosen from
 (a) an alkaline earth halide chosen from BaBr 2 , BaCl 2 , BaI 2 , CaBr 2 , MgBr 2 , and MgI 2 ; 
 (b) a rare earth halide chosen from EuBr 2 , EuBr 3 , EuF 3 , DyI 2 , LaF 3 , and GdF 3 ; 
 (c) a second or third series transition metal halide chosen from YF 3 ; 
 (d) a metal boride chosen from CrB 2  and TiB 2 ; 
 (e) an alkali halide chosen from LiCl, RbCl, and CsI; 
 (f) a metal sulfide chosen from Li 2 S, ZnS and Y 2 S 3 ; 
 (h) a metal oxide chosen from Y 2 O 3 , and 
 (i) a metal phosphide chosen from Ca 3 P 2 ; 
 
 (iv) at least one reductant chosen from Mg and MgH 2 ; and 
 (v) at least one support chosen from AC, TiC, and WC. 
 
     
     
         11 . The power source of  claim 2  wherein the getter, support, or matrix-assisted catalysis reaction to cause the catalysis reaction comprises that provides at least one of a chemical environment for the catalysis reaction, acts to transfer electrons to facilitate the H catalyst function, undergoes a reversible phase or other physical change or change in its electronic state, and binds said hydrogen species product to increase at least one of the extent or rate of the catalysis reaction. 
     
     
         12 . The power source of  claim 11  wherein the getter, support, or matrix-assisted catalysis reaction can be reversed thermally to regenerate the initial exchange reactants. 
     
     
         13 . The power source of  claim 12  wherein the getter, support, or matrix-assisted catalysis reaction mixture comprises
 (i) at least one catalyst or a source of catalyst chosen from NaH and KH; 
 (ii) a source of hydrogen chosen from NaH, KH and MgH 2 ; 
 (iii) at least one oxidant chosen from
 (a) a metal arsenide chosen from Mg 3 As 2 ; and 
 (b) a metal nitride chosen from Mg 3 N 2  and AlN; 
 
 (iv) at least one reductant chosen from Mg and MgH 2 ; and 
 (v) at least one support chosen from AC, TiC, and WC. 
 
     
     
         14 . The power source of  claim 1  wherein the reaction mixture to cause the catalysis reaction comprising a catalyst comprising an alkali metal is regenerated from the products by separating one or more of the components and regenerating the alkali metal by electrolysis. 
     
     
         15 . A hydride reactor comprising:
 a reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrogen species that have a total energy that is more negative and stable than that of the uncatalyzed hydrogen species and compositions of matter comprising said hydrogen species;   a reaction vessel;   a vacuum pump;   a source of atomic hydrogen from a source in communication with the reaction vessel;   a source of a hydrogen catalyst in communication with the reaction vessel,
 the source of at least one of the source of atomic hydrogen and source of hydrogen catalyst comprising a reaction mixture of at least one reactant comprising the element or elements that form at least one of the atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst and at least one other element, whereby at least one of the atomic hydrogen and hydrogen catalyst is formed from the source, 
   at least one other reactant to cause catalysis by performing at least one function of activating and propagating the catalysis; and   a heater for the vessel which initiates the formation of at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst in the reaction vessel, and initiates the reaction to cause catalysis whereby the catalysis of atomic hydrogen releases energy in an amount greater than about 300 kJ per mole of hydrogen during the catalysis of the hydrogen atom.   
     
     
         16 . The hydride reactor of  claim 15  wherein the reaction mixture for the synthesis of the compounds comprises at least two species chosen from the following genus of components (i)-(v): (i) a catalyst, (ii) a source of hydrogen, (iii) an oxidant, (iv) a reductant, and (v) a support. 
     
     
         17 . The hydride reactor of  claim 16  wherein the oxidant is chosen from sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen SF 6 , S, SO 2 , SO 3 , S 2 O 5 Cl 2 , F 5 SOF, M 2 S 2 O 8 , S x X y  S 2 Cl 2 , SCl 2 , S 2 Br 2 , S 2 F 2 , CS 2 , Sb 2 S 5 , SO x X y , SOCl 2 , SOF 2 , SO 2 F 2 , SOBr 2 , P, P 2 O 5 , P 2 S 5 , P x X y , PF 3 , PCl 3 , PBr 3 , PI 3 , PF 5 , PCl 5 , PBr 4 F, PCl 4 F, PO x X y , POBr 3 , POI 3 , POCl 3 , POF 3 , PS x X y , PSBr 3 , PSF 3 , PSCl 3 , a phosphorous-nitrogen compound, P 3 N 5 , (Cl 2 PN) 3 , or (Cl2PN) 4 , (Br 2 PN) x  (M is an alkali metal, x and y are integers, X is halogen), O 2 , N 2 O, and TeO 2 , a halide, CF 4 , NF 3 , CrF 2 , a source of phosphorous, a source of sulfur, MgS, MHS (M is an alkali metal). 
     
     
         18 . The hydride reactor of  claim 17  wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a getter for the catalyzed hydrogen chosen from elemental S, P, O, Se, and Te and compounds comprising S, P, O, Se, and Te. 
     
     
         19 . The power source of  claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is capable of accepting energy from atomic hydrogen in integer units of one of about 
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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         20 . The power source of  claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises an atom or ion M wherein the ionization of t electrons from the atom or ion M each to a continuum energy level is such that the sum of ionization energies of the t electrons is approximately one of 
       
         
           
             
               
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         21 . The power source of  claim 1  wherein the catalyst comprised a diatomic molecule MH wherein the breakage of the M-H bond plus the ionization of t electrons from the atom M each to a continuum energy level is such that the sum of the bond energy and ionization energies of the t electrons is approximately one of 
       
         
           
             
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         22 . The power source of  claim 1  wherein the catalyst comprises atoms, ions, and/or molecules chosen from molecules of AlH, BiH, ClH, CoH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C 2 , N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , NO 2 , and NO 3  and atoms or ions of Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, 2K + , He + , Ti 2+ , Na + , Rb + , Sr + , Fe 3+ , Mo 2+ , Mo 4+ , In 3+ , He + , Ar + , Xe + , Ar 2+  and H + , and Ne +  and H + . 
     
     
         23 . The power source of  claim 1 , operated continuously as power production and regeneration are maintained in synchrony using electrolysis or thermal regeneration reactions. 
     
     
         24 . The power source of  claim 1 , further comprising a power converter. 
     
     
         25 . The power source according to  claim 24 , wherein the converter comprises a steam generator in communication with the reaction vessel, a steam turbine in communication with the steam generator, and an electrical generator in communication with the steam turbine.