Anatomical visualization and measurement system

Abstract

In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided a method for determining the risk of rupture of a blood vessel using an appropriate set of 2-D slice images obtained by scanning the blood vessel, the method comprising: generating a mesh model of the blood vessel using the set of 2-D slice images; conducting finite element stress analysis on the mesh model to calculate the level of stress on different locations on the mesh model; and determining the risk of rupture of the blood vessel based on the calculated levels of stress on different locations on the mesh model. In another preferred form of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for determining the risk of rupture of a blood vessel using an appropriate set of 2-D slice images obtained by scanning the blood vessel, the apparatus comprising: apparatus for generating a mesh model of the blood vessel using the set of 2-D slice images; apparatus for conducting finite element stress analysis on the mesh model to calculate the level of stress on different locations on the mesh model; and apparatus for determining the risk of rupture of the blood vessel based on the calculated levels of stress on different locations on the mesh model.

1 . A method for determining the risk of rupture of a blood vessel using an appropriate set of 2-D slice images obtained by scanning the blood vessel, the method comprising:
 generating a mesh model of the blood vessel using the set of 2-D slice images;   conducting finite element stress analysis on the mesh model to calculate the level of stress on different locations on the mesh model; and   determining the risk of rupture of the blood vessel based on the calculated levels of stress on different locations on the mesh model.   
     
     
         2 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the calculated levels of stress on different locations on the mesh model are visualized on the mesh model. 
     
     
         3 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the calculated levels of stress on different locations on the mesh model are visualized on the mesh model by color coding the polygons of the mesh. 
     
     
         4 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the calculated levels of stress on different locations on the mesh model are visualized on the mesh model by color coding the nodes of the mesh. 
     
     
         5 . A method according to  claim 2 , wherein the calculated levels of stress on different locations on the mesh model are visualized on the mesh model by color coding the legs of the mesh. 
     
     
         6 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is visualized on the mesh model. 
     
     
         7 . A method according to  claim 6  wherein the risk of rupture is visualized on the mesh model by color coding the polygons of the mesh. 
     
     
         8 . A method according to  claim 6 , wherein the risk of rupture is visualized on the mesh model by color coding the nodes of the mesh. 
     
     
         9 . A method according to  claim 6 , wherein the risk of rupture is visualized on the mesh model by color coding the legs of the mesh. 
     
     
         10 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the mesh model is generated using a segmentation technique. 
     
     
         11 . A method according to  claim 10 , wherein the segmentation technique comprises identifying specific anatomical objects in each 2-D slice and aggregating the identified anatomical objects in each 2-D slice so as to create the mesh model. 
     
     
         12 . A method according to  claim 10 , wherein the segmentation technique further comprises removal of extraneous anatomy from each 2-D slice before aggregating the identified anatomical objects in each 2-D slice so as to create the mesh model. 
     
     
         13 . A method according to  claim 10 , wherein the blood vessel comprises the aorta, and further wherein the extraneous anatomy comprises visceral blood vessels. 
     
     
         14 . A method according to  claim 10 , wherein the generation of the mesh model of the vessel further comprises limiting of boundary delineation of the mesh model before conducting finite element stress analysis. 
     
     
         15 . A method according to  claim 14 , wherein the blood vessel comprises the aorta, and further wherein the upper boundary delineation of the mesh model is determined from the slice where the segmentation begins, and the lower boundary delineation of the mesh model is determined from the slice where the left and right iliac branches become vertically aligned. 
     
     
         16 . A method according to  claim 11 , wherein generation of the mesh model comprises:
 (i) performing shape-based interpolation so that the pixel-to-millimeter conversion factor is similar in the x, y and z axes, whereby to help ensure that the mesh polygons are more equilaterally shaped;   (ii) applying a low-pass filter to the segmentation and decimating the segmentation in the x, y directions, whereby to help remove jagged edges and stair step artifacts in the mesh;   (iii) tessellating the polygon mesh from the processed segmentation;   (iv) scaling the polygon mesh from voxel space to millimeter space;   (v) applying the laplacian smoothing algorithm to the polygon mesh, whereby to further reduce stress artifacts in the simulation;   (vi) removing a selected number of the worst shaped polygons; and   (vii) storing the mesh model in a format which may be used for finite stress analysis.   
     
     
         17 . A method according to  claim 16 , wherein the mesh model is stored in Abaqus INP format. 
     
     
         18 . A method according to  claim 16 , wherein the mesh model is stored in Abaqus INP format, and further wherein the INP file is input directly into the Abaqus solver to produce stress outputs. 
     
     
         19 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by looking at the mesh element having the highest stress. 
     
     
         20 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by calculating the stress tensors for each element in the polygon mesh and taking the maximum of the same (Method A: Max Elemental Stress). 
     
     
         21 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by calculating the stress level for each node in the polygon mesh and taking the maximum of the same. 
     
     
         22 . A method according to  claim 21 , wherein the stress level for each node is calculated by averaging the maximal elemental values at each element surrounding the node (Method B: Element Averaged Nodal). 
     
     
         23 . A method according to  claim 21 , wherein the stress level for each node is calculated by averaging the tensors of all the surrounding elements and then performing the Max Principal Stress calculation on this average composite to get a result (Method C: Abaqus Nodal). 
     
     
         24 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by: starting at the highest stressed element, calculating its discontinuity and comparing that calculated discontinuity to an absolute discontinuity limit; if the calculated discontinuity is higher than the absolute discontinuity limit, the process turns to the next highest element and so on, until the process finds one element with a calculated discontinuity lower than the absolute discontinuity limit (Method D: Absolute Discontinuity Limited). 
     
     
         25 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by: starting at the highest stressed element, calculating its discontinuity and comparing that calculated discontinuity to a discontinuity limit that is calculated based on the maximum stress of the blood vessel; if the calculated discontinuity is higher than the absolute discontinuity limit, the process turns to the next highest element and so on, until the process finds one element with a calculated discontinuity lower than the absolute discontinuity limit (Method E: Elemental with Percent Discontinuity Limit). 
     
     
         26 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by removing a small percentage of the highest stressed elements (Method F: Elemental with elimination of top N %). 
     
     
         27 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by using the discontinuity of the highest stressed element (Method G: Discontinuity of maximum stressed element). 
     
     
         28 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by discarding a selected number of elements based on discontinuity at a low blood pressure, and then discarding that same number of elements at higher blood pressures (Method H: SmartCrop). 
     
     
         29 . A method according to  claim 21 , wherein the stress level for each node is calculated by taking the median of the elemental values at each element surrounding the node (“Method I”: Median Element Nodal). 
     
     
         30 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by finding the highest stressed group of nodes for a given model (Method J: Area Averaging). 
     
     
         31 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by identifying the number of elements with a stress level above some predetermined value (Method L: Number of Nodes Above X Stress). 
     
     
         32 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the risk of rupture is determined by identifying the average of the top N % of elements (Method M: Average of Top N %). 
     
     
         33 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the levels of stress are first calculated for a plurality of pre-determined blood pressures, and then the wall stress for a patient's actual measured blood pressure is determined by interpolating from the wall stresses calculated from the plurality of pre-determined blood pressures. 
     
     
         34 . A method according to  claim 1 , wherein the levels of stress are (i) first calculated for a plurality of pre-determined blood pressures, and (ii) thereafter calculated for a patient's actual measured blood pressure, and further wherein the level of stress is calculated for the patient's actual measured blood pressure by interpolating from the wall stresses previously calculated from the plurality of pre-determined blood pressures. 
     
     
         35 . Apparatus for determining the risk of rupture of a blood vessel using an appropriate set of 2-D slice images obtained by scanning the blood vessel, the apparatus comprising:
 apparatus for generating a mesh model of the blood vessel using the set of 2-D slice images;   apparatus for conducting finite element stress analysis on the mesh model to calculate the level of stress on different locations on the mesh model; and   apparatus for determining the risk of rupture of the blood vessel based on the calculated levels of stress on different locations on the mesh model.