Spiro-oxindole compounds and their uses as therapeutic agents

Abstract

This invention is directed to spiro-oxindole compounds of formula (I): wherein k, j, Q, R 1 , R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , and R 3d are as defined herein, as a stereoisomer, enantiomer, tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, which are useful for the treatment and/or prevention of sodium channel-mediated diseases or conditions, such as pain. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds and methods of preparing and using the compounds are also disclosed.

1 . A compound of formula (I): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: 
         j and k are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; 
         Q is —S(O) m — (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —C(O)O—, —C(O)N(R 5 )— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
         R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) 2 —R 5 , —R 9 —S(O) m —R 5  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 9 —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 , or —R 9 —O—R 9 —OR 5 ; 
         or R 1  is aralkyl substituted by —C(O)N(R 6 )R 7  where:
 R 6  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and 
 R 7  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —R 9 —CN, —R 9 —OR 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; 
 or R 6  and R 7 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 6  and R 7  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is aralkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R 8 —OR 5 , —C(O)OR 5 , halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, nitro, cyano, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
         or R 1  is —R 9 —N(R 10 )R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 12 )C(O)R 11  or —R 9 —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 10 )R 11  where:
 each R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 11  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 9 —OC(O)R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 9 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)R 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —OR 5 , or —R 9 —CN;
 and 
 
 R 12  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or —C(O)R 5 ; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 10  and R 11  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl where the heterocyclylalkyl or the heteroarylalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) m R 4  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —CN, and —R 8 —NO 2 ; 
         R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(═N—CN)N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2;
 and wherein each of the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , and —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 
         or R 2a  and R 2b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2c  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2b  and R 2c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2c  and R 2d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2b  are as defined above; 
         R 3a , R 3b , R 3c  and R 3d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(N═C(R 4 )R 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
         or R 3a  and R 3b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3c  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3c  and R 3d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3b  are as defined above; 
         each R 4  and R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; 
         or when R 4  and R 5  are each attached to the same nitrogen atom, then R 4  and R 5 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
         each R 8  is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and 
         each R 9  is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; 
         as a stereoisomer, enantiomer, tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof; 
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof. 
       
     
     
         2 - 40 . (canceled) 
     
     
         41 . The compound of  claim 1  wherein:
 j is 0 and k is 1 or 2; 
 Q is —C(O)O— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
 R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) 2 —R 5 , —R 9 —S(O) m —R 5  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —CN, —R 9 —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 , or —R 9 —O—R 9 —OR 5 ; 
 or R 1  is aralkyl substituted by —C(O)N(R 6 )R 7  where:
 R 6  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and 
 R 7  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —R 9 —CN, —R 9 —OR 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; 
 or R 6  and R 7 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 6  and R 7  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
 or R 1  is aralkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R 8 —OR 5 , —C(O)OR 5 , halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, nitro, cyano, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 or R 1  is —R 9 —N(R 10 )R 11 , R 9 —N(R 12 )C(O)R 11  or —R 9 —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 10 )R 11  where:
 each R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 11  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 9 —OC(O)R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 9 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)R 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —OR 5 , or —R 9 —CN; 
 R 12  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or —C(O)R 5 ; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 10  and R 11  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
 or R 1  is heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl where the heterocyclylalkyl or the heteroarylalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) m R 4  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —CN, or —R 8 —NO 2 ; 
 R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(═N—CN)N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2;
 and wherein each of the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , and —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 
 or R 2a  and R 2b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2c  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
 or R 2b  and R 2c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
 or R 2c  and R 2d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2b  are as defined above; 
 R 3a , R 3b , R 3c  and R 3d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(N═C(R 4 )R 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 or R 3a  and R 3b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3c  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
 or R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
 or R 3c  and R 3d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3b  are as defined above; 
 each R 4  and R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; 
 or when R 4  and R 5  are each attached to the same nitrogen atom, then R 4  and R 5 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 8  is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and 
 each R 9  is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain. 
 
     
     
         42 - 45 . (canceled) 
     
     
         46 . The compound of  claim 41  wherein:
 j is 0 and k is 1 or 2; 
 Q is —C(O)O— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
 R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) 2 —R 5 , —R 9 —S(O) m —R 5  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —CN, —R 9 —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 , or —R 9 —O—R 9 —OR 5 ; 
 or R 1  is aralkyl substituted by —C(O)N(R 6 )R 7  where:
 R 6  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and 
 R 7  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —R 9 —CN, —R 9 —OR 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; 
 or R 6  and R 7 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 6  and R 7  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
 or R 1  is aralkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R 8 —OR 5 , —C(O)OR 5 , halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, nitro, cyano, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 or R 1  is —R 9 —N(R 10 )R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 12 )C(O)R 11  or —R 9 —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 10 )R 11  where:
 each R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 11  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 9 —OC(O)R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 9 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)R 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —OR 5 , or —R 9 —CN; 
 R 12  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or —C(O)R 5 ; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 10  and R 11  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
 or R 1  is heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl where the heterocyclylalkyl or the heteroarylalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) m R 4  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —CN, or —R 8- NO 2 ; 
 R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(═N—CN)N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2;
 and wherein each of the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , and —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 
 or R 2a  and R 2b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2c  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
 or R 2b  and R 2c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
 or R 2c  and R 2d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2b  are as defined above; 
 R 3a , R 3b , R 3c  and R 3d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(N═C(R 4 )R 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 or R 3a  and R 3b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3c  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
 or R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
 or R 3c  and R 3d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3b  are as defined above; 
 each R 4  and R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; 
 or when R 4  and R 5  are each attached to the same nitrogen atom, then R 4  and R 5 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 8  is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and 
 each R 9  is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain. 
 
     
     
         47 . The compound of  claim 46  wherein:
 j is 0 and k is 1 or 2; 
 Q is —C(O)O— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
 R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) 2 —R 5 , —R 9 —S(O) m —R 5  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —CN, —R 9 —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 , or —R 9 —O—R 9 —OR 5 ; 
 R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each hydrogen; 
 R 3a  and R 3d  are each hydrogen; 
 R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 each R 8  is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and 
 each R 9  is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain. 
 
     
     
         48 . The compound of  claim 47  wherein:
 j is 0 and k is 1 or 2; 
 Q is —C(O)O— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
 R 1  is pentyl or hexyl; 
 R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each hydrogen; 
 R 3a  and R 3d  are each hydrogen; 
 R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, form a fused dioxolyl ring; and 
 each R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl. 
 
     
     
         49 . The compound of  claim 48  selected from the group consisting of the following:
 1′-pentyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-spiro[1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline-8,3′-indole]-2′,5(1′H)-dione; and 1′-hexylspiro[1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]chromene-8,3′-indole]-2′,6(1′,7H)-dione. 
 
     
     
         50 . A method of treating, preventing or ameliorating a disease or a condition in a mammal selected from the group consisting of pain, depression, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and psychiatric diseases, and combinations thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: 
         j and k are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; 
         Q is —S(O) m — (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —C(O)O—, —C(O)N(R 5 )— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
         R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) 2 —R 5 , —R 9 —S(O) m R 5  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —CN, —R 9 —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 , or —R 9 —O—R 9 —OR 5 ; 
         or R 1  is aralkyl substituted by —C(O)N(R 6 )R 7  where:
 R 6  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and 
 R 7  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —R 9 —CN, —R 9 —OR 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; 
 or R 6  and R 7 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 6  and R 7  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is aralkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R 8 —OR 5 , —C(O)OR 5 , halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, nitro, cyano, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
         or R 1  is —R 9 —N(R 10 )R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 12 )C(O)R 11  or —R 9 —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 10 )R 11  where:
 each R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 11  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 9 —OC(O)R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 9 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)R 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —OR 5 , or —R 9 —CN; 
 R 12  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or —C(O)R 5 ; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 10  and R 11  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl where the heterocyclylalkyl or the heteroarylalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) m R 4  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —CN, or —R 8 —NO 2 ; 
         R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 ; —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(═N—CN)N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2;
 and wherein each of the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , and —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 
         or R 2a  and R 2b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2c  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2b  and R 2c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2c  and R 2d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2b  are as defined above; 
         R 3a , R 3b , R 3c  and R 3d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(N═C(R 4 )R 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
         or R 3a  and R 3b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3c  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3c  and R 3d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3b  are as defined above; 
         each R 4  and R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; 
         or when R 4  and R 5  are each attached to the same nitrogen atom, then R 4  and R 5 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
         each R 8  is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and 
         each R 9  is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; 
         as a stereoisomer, enantiomer, tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof; 
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof. 
       
     
     
         51 . The method of  claim 50 , wherein said disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, visceral pain, cancer pain, chemotherapy pain, trauma pain, surgical pain, post-surgical pain, childbirth pain, dental pain, labor pain, neurogenic bladder, ulcerative colitis, chronic pain, persistent pain, peripherally mediated pain, centrally mediated pain, chronic headache, migraine headache, sinus headache, tension headache, phantom limb pain, peripheral nerve injury, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         52 . The method of  claim 50 , wherein said disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of pain associated with HIV, HIV treatment induced neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, eudynia, heat sensitivity, tosarcoidosis, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohns disease, pain associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), diabetic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, arthritic, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, paroxysmal dystonia, myasthenia syndromes, myotonia, malignant hyperthermia, cystic fibrosis, pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis, hypothyroidism, bipolar depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, sodium channel toxin related illnesses, familial erythermalgia, primary erythermalgia, familial rectal pain, cancer, epilepsy, partial and general tonic seizures, restless leg syndrome, arrhythmias, fibromyalgia, neuroprotection under ischaemic conditions caused by stroke or neural trauma, tachy-arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. 
     
     
         53 . A method of treating pain through inhibition of ion flux through a voltage-dependent sodium channel in a mammal, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: 
         j and k are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; 
         Q is —S(O) m — (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —C(O)O—, —C(O)N(R 5 )— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
         R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) 2 —R 5 , —R 9 —S(O) m R 5  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —CN, —R 9 —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 , or —R 9 —O—R 9 —OR 5 ; 
         or R 1  is aralkyl substituted by —C(O)N(R 6 )R 7  where:
 R 6  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and 
 R 7  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —R 9 —CN, —R 9 —OR 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; 
 or R 6  and R 7 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 6  and R 7  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is aralkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R 8 —OR 5 , —C(O)OR 5 , halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, nitro, cyano, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
         or R 1  is —R 9 —N(R 10 )R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 12 )C(O)R 11  or —R 9 —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 10 )R 11  where:
 each R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 11  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 9 —OC(O)R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 9 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)R 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —OR 5 , or —R 9 —CN; 
 R 12  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or —C(O)R 5 ; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 10  and R 11  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl where the heterocyclylalkyl or the heteroarylalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) m R 4  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —CN, or —R 8 —NO 2 ; 
         R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(═N—CN)N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2;
 and wherein each of the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , and —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 
         or R 2a  and R 2b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2c  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2b  and R 2c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2c  and R 2d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2b  are as defined above; 
         R 3a , R 3b , R 3c  and R 3d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 —, —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(N═C(R 4 )R 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
         or R 3a  and R 3b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3c  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3c  and R 3d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3b  are as defined above; 
         each R 4  and R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; 
         or when R 4  and R 5  are each attached to the same nitrogen atom, then R 4  and R 5 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
         each R 8  is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and 
         each R 9  is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; 
         as a stereoisomer, enantiomer, tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof; 
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof. 
       
     
     
         54 . A method of decreasing ion flux through a voltage-dependent sodium channel in a cell in a mammal, wherein the method comprises contacting the cell with a compound of formula (I): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: 
         j and k are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; 
         Q is —S(O) m — (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —C(O)O—, —C(O)N(R 5 )— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
         R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) 2 —R 5 , —R 9 —S(O) m —R 5  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 9 —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 , or —R 9 —O—R 9 —OR 5 ; 
         or R 1  is aralkyl substituted by —C(O)N(R 6 )R 7  where:
 R 6  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and 
 R 7  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —R 9 —CN, —R 9 —OR 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; 
 or R 6  and R 7 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 6  and R 7  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is aralkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R 8 —OR 5 , —C(O)OR 5 , halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, nitro, cyano, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
         or R 1  is —R 9 —N(R 10 )R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 12 )C(O)R 11  or —R 9 —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 10 )R 11  where:
 each R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 11  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 9 —OC(O)R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 9 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)R 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —OR 5 , or —R 9 —CN; 
 R 12  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or —C(O)R 5 ; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 10  and R 11  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl where the heterocyclylalkyl or the heteroarylalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) m R 4  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —CN, or —R 8 —NO 2 ; 
         R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(═N—CN)N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2;
 and wherein each of the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , and —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 
         or R 2a  and R 2b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2c  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2b  and R 2c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2c  and R 2d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2b  are as defined above; 
         R 3a , R 3b , R 3c  and R 3d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(N═C(R 4 )R 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
         or R 3a  and R 3b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3c  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3c  and R 3d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3b  are as defined above; 
         each R 4  and R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; 
         or when R 4  and R 5  are each attached to the same nitrogen atom, then R 4  and R 5 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
         each R 8  is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and 
         each R 9  is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; 
         as a stereoisomer, enantiomer, tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof; 
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof. 
       
     
     
         55 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound of formula (I): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein: 
         j and k are each independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; 
         Q is —S(O) m — (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —C(O)O—, —C(O)N(R 5 )— or —N(R 5 )C(O)—; 
         R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl; heterocyclyl, —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) 2 —R 5 , —R 9 —S(O) m —R 5  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —CN, —R 9 —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 , or —R 9 —O—R 9 —OR 5 ; 
         or R 1  is aralkyl substituted by —C(O)N(R 6 )R 7  where:
 R 6  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and 
 R 7  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —R 9 —CN, —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; 
 or R 6  and R 7 , together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 6  and R 7  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is aralkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —R 8 —OR 5 , —C(O)OR 5 , halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, nitro, cyano, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
         or R 1  is —R 9 —N(R 10 )R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 12 )C(O)R 11  or —R 9 —N(R 10 )C(O)N(R 10 )R 11  where:
 each R 10  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl; 
 each R 11  is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 9 —OC(O)R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 9 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —C(O)R 5 , —R 9 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 9 —OR 5 , or —R 9 —CN; 
 R 12  is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or —C(O)R 5 ; 
 and wherein each aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 10  and R 11  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 5 , heterocyclyl and heteroaryl; 
 
         or R 1  is heterocyclylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl where the heterocyclylalkyl or the heteroarylalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) m R 4  (where m is 0, 1 or 2), —R 8 —CN, or —R 8 —NO 2 , 
         R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(═N—CN)N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2;
 and wherein each of the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl groups for R 2a , R 2b , R 2c  and R 2d  may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , and —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
 
         or R 2a  and R 2b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2c  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2b  and R 2c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2d  are as defined above; 
         or R 2c  and R 2d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl, and R 2a  and R 2b  are as defined above; 
         R 3a , R 3b , R 3c  and R 3d  are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —R 8 —CN, —R 8 —NO 2 , —R 8 —OR 5 , —R 8 —N(R 4 )R 5 , —N═C(R 4 )R 5 , —S(O) m R 4 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , —R 8 —C(O)R 4 , —C(S)R 4 , —C(R 4 ) 2 C(O)R 5 , —R 8 —C(O)OR 4 , —C(S)OR 4 , —R 8 —C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(O)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)R 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(S)OR 4 , —N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(S)N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n R 4 , —N(R 5 )S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —R 8 —S(O) n N(R 4 )R 5 , —N(R 5 )C(═NR 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , and —N(R 5 )C(N═C(R 4 )R 5 )N(R 4 )R 5 , wherein each m is independently 0, 1, or 2 and each n is independently 1 or 2; 
         or R 3a  and R 3b , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3c  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3b  and R 3c , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3d  are as defined above; 
         or R 3c  and R 3d , together with the carbon ring atoms to which they are directly attached, may form a fused ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and R 3a  and R 3b  are as defined above; 
         each R 4  and R 5  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroarylalkyl; 
         or when R 4  and R 5  are each attached to the same nitrogen atom, then R 4  and R 5 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; 
         each R 8  is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and 
         each R 9  is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; 
         as a stereoisomer, enantiomer, tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof; 
         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof.