Lactam compounds useful as protein kinase inhibitors

Abstract

The present invention provides novel compounds useful as inhibitors of protein kinases. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the invention and methods of using the compositions in the treatment of various diseases.

1 - 22 . (canceled) 
     
     
         23 . A method for inhibiting kinase activity in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with a compound of formula (I): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
       wherein:
 Ring A is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring; 
 G 1  is C═O, C═S, or S(═O) 2 ; 
 Y 1  is N or CH and Y 2  is N or CR e , provided that at least one of Y 1  and Y 2  is N; 
 R a  is hydrogen, —C(O)R 5a , —C(O)N(R 4a ) 2 , —CO 2 R 6a , —SO 2 R 6a , —SO 2 N(R 4a ) 2 , an optionally substituted C 1-10  aliphatic, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl 
 R b  is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 R c  is hydrogen, fluoro, —OR 5 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic; 
 R d  is hydrogen, fluoro, C 1-4 aliphatic or C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic; or R c  and R d , taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; 
 R e  is hydrogen, halo, —NO 2 , —CN, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —C≡C—R 10 , —OR 5 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic; 
 each R 4  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; or two R 4  on the same nitrogen atom, taken together with the nitrogen atom, form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, 0-2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; 
 each R 4a  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group, or two R 4a  on the same nitrogen atom, taken together with the nitrogen atom, form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, 0-2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; 
 each R 5  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 each R 5a  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 each R 6  independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic or aryl group; 
 each R 6a  independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic or aryl group; and 
 R 10  is —CO 2 R 5  or —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 . 
 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the kinase is selected from the group consisting of Chk-1, Aurora, and PLK. 
     
     
         25 . A method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
       wherein:
 Ring A is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring; 
 G 1  is C═O, C═S, or S(═O) 2 ; 
 Y 1  is N or CH and Y 2  is N or CR e , provided that at least one of Y 1  and Y 2  is N; 
 R a  is hydrogen, —C(O)R 5a , —C(O)N(R 4a ) 2 , —CO 2 R 6a , —SO 2 R 6a , —SO 2 N(R 4a ) 2 , an optionally substituted C 1-10  aliphatic, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl ring; 
 R b  is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 R c  is hydrogen, fluoro, —OR 5 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic; 
 R d  is hydrogen, fluoro, C 1-4 aliphatic or C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic; or R e  and R d , taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; 
 R e  is hydrogen, halo, —NO 2 , —CN, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —C≡C—R 10 , —OR 5 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic; 
 each R 4  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; or two R 4  on the same nitrogen atom, taken together with the nitrogen atom, form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, 0-2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; 
 each R 4a  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; or two R 4a  on the same nitrogen atom, taken together with the nitrogen atom, form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, 0-2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; 
 each R 5  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 each R 5a  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 each R 6  independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic or aryl group; 
 each R 6a  independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic or aryl group; and 
 R 10  is —CO 2 R 5  or —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 . 
 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 25 , further comprising administering to the patient a cytotoxic agent selected from the group consisting of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein the compound is characterized by one or more of the following features (a)-(e):
 a. Y 1  is N;   b. Y 2  is CR e , where R e  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, —OR 5 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —CN, —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —C≡C—R 5 , and —C≡C—R 10 ;   c. G 1  is C═O;   d. R c  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, —OR 5 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , and C 1-4 aliphatic optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from C 1-3 aliphatic, fluoro, —N(R 4 ) 2 , —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , and optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl; and   e. R d  is hydrogen.   
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein in the compound Ring A is a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring selected from the group consisting of furano, thieno, pyrrolo, oxazolo, thiazolo, imidazolo, pyrazolo, isoxazolo, isothiazolo, oxadiazolo, triazolo, thiadiazolo, benzo, pyridino, pyridazino, pyrimidino, pyrazino, and triazine. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 28 , wherein in the compound:
 Ring A is substituted with 0-2 R h  and 0-2 R 8h ;   each R h  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 aliphatic, C 1-6 -fluoroaliphatic, halo, —R 1h , —R 2h , -T 4 —R 2h , -T 4 —R 1h , —V 3 -R 4 -R 1h , and—V 3 -T 4 -R 2h , or two adjacent R h , taken together with the intervening ring atoms, form an optionally substituted fused 4- to 8-membered aromatic or non-aromatic ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;
 T 4  is a C 1-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two independently selected R 3a  or R 3b , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, or —SO 2 N(R 4 ); 
 V 3  is —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(NR 4 )═N—, —C(OR 5 )═N—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —P(O)(R 5 )—, —P(O)(OR 5 )—O—, —P(O)—O—, or —P(O)(NR 5 )—N(R 5 )—; 
 each R 1h  independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring; 
 each R 2h  independently is —NO 2 , —CN, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —C≡C—R 10 , —OR 5 , —S(O)R 6 , —SO 2 R 6 , SO 3 R 5 , —SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , —O—CO 2 R 5 , —OC(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —O—C(O)R 5 , —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)—C(O)R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )—C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 )—C(O), —C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(═NR 4 )—OR 5 , —C(R 6 )═N—OR 5 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —P(O)(R 5 ) 2 , or —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 ; 
   each R 3a  independently is selected from the group consisting of —F, —OH, —O(C 1-3 alkyl), —CN, —N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), —C(O)NH 2 , and —C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl);   each R 3b  independently is a C 1-3 aliphatic optionally substituted with R 3a  or R 7 , or two substituents R 3b  on the same or adjacent carbon atom(s), taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring;
 each R 7  independently is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring; and 
   each R 8h  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, and —O(C 1-4 aliphatic).   
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 29 , wherein the compound is represented by the structure of formula (II): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
       wherein Ring A is substituted with 0-2 R h  and 0-2 R 8h . 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein in the compound Ring A is substituted with 0-2 R 8h  substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, and —O(C 1-4 aliphatic), or two adjacent substituents, taken together with the intervening ring atoms, form a fused dioxolane or dioxane ring. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein in the compound Ring A has the formula A-i, A-ii, or A-iii 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein m is 0, 1, or 2. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 31 , wherein in the compound R h  is —CN, —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , or —OR 5 . 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 31 , wherein:
 R h  is -T 4 -R 2h , —V 3 -T 4 -R 2h , or—Cy-T 4 -R 2h ;   V 3  is —C≡C—, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, or —C(O)N(R 4 )—;   Cy is a 5- or 6-membered arylene or heteroarylene;   T 4  is a C 1-4 alkylene chain; and   R 2h  is —OR 5 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , or —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 .   
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein in the compound R b  is hydrogen. 
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein in the compound R a  is hydrogen, C 1-6 aliphatic, -T 11 -R 1a , -T 11 -R 21a , -T 12 -R 22a , —V 1 -T 11 -R 1a , —V 1 -T 11 -R 21a , —V 1 -T 11 -R 22a , or—R 1a ;
 V 1  is —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 4a )—, —C(O)O—, —SO 2 —, or —SO 2 N(R 4a )—; 
 T 11  is a C 1-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two independently selected R 3a  or R 3b , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )— or —C≡C—; 
 T 12  is a C 2-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two independently selected R 3a  or R 3b , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )— or —C≡C—; 
 each R 3a  independently is selected from the group consisting of —F, —OH, —O(C 1-3 alkyl), —CN, —N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), —C(O)NH 2 , and —C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl); 
 each R 3b  independently is a C 1-3 aliphatic optionally substituted with R 3a  or R 7 , or two substituents R 3b  on the same or adjacent carbon atom(s), taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; 
 R 21a  is —C(R 5a )═C(R 5a ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5a , —S(O)R 6a , —SO 2 R 6a , —SO 3 R 5a , —SO 2 N(R 4a ) 2 , —CO 2 R 5a , —C(O)—C(O)R 5a , —C(O)R 5a , —C(O)N(R 4a ) 2 , —C(O)N(R 4a )C(═NR 4a )—N(R 4a ) 2 , —C(═NR 4a )—N(R 4a ) 2 , —C(═NR 4a )—OR 5a , —C(R 6a )═N—OR 5a , —P(O)(R 5a ) 2 , or —P(O)(OR 5a ) 2 ; 
 R 22a  is —NO 2 , —CN, —OR 5a , —SR 6a , —N(R 4a ) 2 , —NR 4a C(O)R 5a , —NR 4a C(O)N(R 4a ) 2 , —NR 4a CO 2 R 6a , —O—CO 2 R 5a , —OC(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —O—C(O)R 5a , —N(R 4a )C(═NR 4a )—N(R 4a ) 2 , —N(R 4a )C(═NR 4a )—N(R 4a )—C(O)R 5 , —N(R 4a )SO 2 R 6a , or —N(R 4a )SO 2 N(R 4a ) 2 ; 
 each R 7  independently is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring; and 
 R 1a  is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring. 
 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 36 , wherein the compound is represented by formula (III): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; 
       wherein Ring B is substituted with 0-2 R j  and 0-2 R 8j .
 each R 1  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 aliphatic, C 1-6 -fluoroaliphatic, halo, —R 1j , —R 2j , -T 5 -R 2j , -T 5 -R 1j , —V 4 -T 5 -R 1j , and—V 4 -T 5 -R 2j ; or two adjacent R j , taken together with the intervening ring atoms, form an optionally substituted fused 4- to 8-membered aromatic or non-aromatic ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S; 
 T 5  is a C 1-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two independently selected R 3a  or R 3b , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, or —SO 2 N(R 4 ); 
 V 4  is —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(NR 4 )═N—, —C(OR 5 )═N—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —P(O)(R 5 )—, —P(O)(OR 5 )—O—, —P(O)—O—, or —P(O)(NR 5 )—N(R 5 )—; 
 each R 1j  independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring; 
 each R 2j  independently is —NO 2 , —CN, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —C≡C—R 10 , —OR 5 , —SR 6 , —S(O)R 6 , —SO 2 R 6 , —SO 3 R 5 , —SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , —O—CO 2 R 5 , —OC(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —O—C(O)R 5 , —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)—C(O)R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 )—C(O), —C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(═NR 4 )—OR 5 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —P(O)(R 5 ) 2 , or —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 ; 
 each R 3a  independently is selected from the group consisting of —F, —OH, —O(C 1-3 alkyl), —CN, —N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-3  alkyl), —C(O)NH 2 , and —C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl); 
 each R 3b  independently is a C 1-3 aliphatic optionally substituted with R 3a  or R 7 , or two substituents R 3b  on the same or adjacent carbon atom(s), taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; 
 each R 7  independently is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring; and 
 each R 8j  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-4 aliphatic), —OH, and —O(C 1-4 aliphatic). 
 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 37 , wherein in the compound Ring B has the formula B-i, B-ii, or B-iii: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       wherein n is 0, 1, or 2. 
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 38 , wherein in the compound:
 R j  is -T 5 -R 2j  or —V 4 -T 5 -R 2j ;   V 4  is —C≡C—, or —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—; and   R 2j  is —OR 5  or —N(R 4 ) 2 .   
     
     
         40 . The method of  claim 38 , wherein in the compound R j  is —V 4 -T 5 -R 2j  or —V 4 -T 5 -R 1j ;
 V 4  is —C(O)N(R 4 )— or —SO 2 N(R 4 )—; and 
 T 5  is a C 2-4 alkylene chain, optionally substituted with —F or C 1-4 aliphatic. 
 
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein in the compound R b  is hydrogen or C 1-6 aliphatic. 
     
     
         42 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein in the compound:
 R b  is -T 21 -R 1b , -T 21 -R 21b , or -T 22 -R 22b ;
 T 21  is a C 1-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two R 3 , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )— or —C═C—; 
 T 22  is a C 2-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two R 3 , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )— or —C≡C—; 
 R 1b  is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring; 
 each R 3  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 aliphatic, -fluoro, —OH, and —O(C 1-3  alkyl), or two substituents R 3  on the same carbon atom, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; and 
 R 21b  is —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —S(O)R 6 , —SO 2 R 6 , —SO 3 R 5 , —SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)—C(O)R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(═NR 4 )—OR 5 , —C(R 6 )═N—OR 5 , —P(O)(R 5 ) 2 , or —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 ; 
 R 22b  is —NO 2 , —CN, —OR 5 , —SR 6 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , —O—COR 5 , —OC(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —O—C(O)R 5 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ), —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 )—C(O)R 5 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , or —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 . 
   
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 25 , wherein in the compound R b  is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl ring. 
     
     
         44 . The method of  claim 43 , wherein the compound is represented by formula (IV) 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
 wherein Ring C is substituted with 0-2 R k  and 0-2 R 8k ; 
 each R k  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 aliphatic, C 1-6 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, —R 1k , —R 2k , -T 6 -R 2k , -T 6 -R 1k , —V 5 -R 6 -R 1k , and —V 5 -T 6 -R 2k ; or two adjacent R k , taken together with the intervening ring atoms, form an optionally substituted fused 4- to 8-membered aromatic or non-aromatic ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;
 T 6  is a C 1-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two independently selected R 3a  or R 3b , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, or —SO 2 N(R 4 ); 
 
 V 5  is —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(NR 4 )═N—, —C(OR 5 )═N—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —P(O)(R 5 )—, —P(O)(OR 5 )—O—, —P(O)—O—, or —P(O)(NR 5 )—N(R 5 )—;
 each R 1k  independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring; 
 each R 2k  independently is —NO 2 , —CN, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —C≡C—R 10 , —OR 5 , —SR 6 , —S(O)R 6 , —SO 2 R 6 , —SO 3 R 5 , —SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , —O—CO 2 R 5 , —OC(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —O—C(O)R 5 , —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)—C(O)R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 )—C(O), —C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(═NR 4 )—OR 5 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —P(O)(R 5 ) 2 , or —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 ; 
 each R 3a  independently is selected from the group consisting of—F, —OH, —O(C 1-3 alkyl), —CN, —N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), —C(O)NH 2 , and —C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl); 
 each R 3b  independently is a C 1-3 aliphatic optionally substituted with R 3a  or R 7 , or two substituents R 3b  on the same or adjacent carbon atom(s), taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; 
 each R 7  independently is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring; and 
 
 each R 8k  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, and —O(C 1-4 aliphatic). 
 
     
     
         45 . The method of  claim 44 , wherein in the compound Ring C is substituted with 0-2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, and —O(C 1-4 aliphatic). 
     
     
         46 . A method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (V): 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
       
       or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein:
 Ring A is substituted with 0-2 R h  and 0-2 R 8h ; 
 Ring B is substituted with 0-2 R j  and 0-2 R 8h ; 
 G 1  is C═O, C═S, or S(═O) 2 ; 
 Y′ is N or CH; 
 Y 2  is N or CR e ; 
 R b  is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 R c  is hydrogen, fluoro, —OR S , —N(R 4 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic; 
 R d  is hydrogen, fluoro, or C 1-4 aliphatic; or R c  and R d , taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; 
 R e  is hydrogen, halo, C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, —R 2e , -T 3 -R 1e , -T 3 -R 2e , —V 2 -T 3 -R 1e , or —V 2 -T 3 -R 2e ;
 T 3  is a C 1-4 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two R 3 ; 
 V 2  is —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )— or —C≡C—; 
 R 1e  is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring; 
 R 2e  is —NO 2 , —CN, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C≡C—R 10 , —OR 5 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , or —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 ; 
 
 each R h  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 aliphatic, C 1-6 -fluoroaliphatic, halo, —R 1h , —R 2h , -T 4 -R 2h , -T 4 -R 1h , —V 3 -T 4 -R 1h , and —V 3 -T 4 -R 2h , or two adjacent R h , taken together with the intervening ring atoms, form an optionally substituted fused 4- to 8-membered aromatic or non-aromatic ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;
 T 4  is a C 1-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two independently selected R 3a  or R 3b , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, or —SO 2 N(R 4 ); 
 V 3  is —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(NR 4 )═N—, —C(OR 5 )═N—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —P(O)(R 5 )—, —P(O)(OR 5 )—O—, —P(O)—O—, or —P(O)(NR 5 )—N(R 5 )—; 
 each R 1h  independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring; 
 each R 2h  independently is —NO 2 , —CN, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —C≡C—R 10 , −OR 5 , —SR 6 , —S(O)R 6 , —SO 2 R 6 , —SO 3 R 5 , —SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , —O—CO 2 R 5 , —OC(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —O—C(O)R 5 , —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)—C(O)R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 )—C(O), —C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(═NR 4 )—OR 5 , —C(R 6 )═N—OR 5 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —P(O)(R 5 ) 2 , or —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 ; 
 
 each R j  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 aliphatic, C 1-6 -fluoroaliphatic, halo, —R 1j , —R 2j , -T 5 -R 2j , -T 5 -R 1j , —V 4 -T 5 -R 1j , and —V 4 -T 5 -R 2j ; or two adjacent R j , taken together with the intervening ring atoms, form an optionally substituted fused 4- to 8-membered aromatic or non-aromatic ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;
 T 5  is a C 1-6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two independently selected R 3a  or R 3b , wherein the alkylene chain optionally is interrupted by —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —C≡C—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, or —SO 2 N(R 4 ); 
 V 4  is —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )C(O)—, —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 )—, —N(R 4 )CO 2 —, —C(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(O)—, —C(O)—C(O)—, —CO 2 —, —OC(O)—, —OC(O)O—, —OC(O)N(R 4 )—, —C(NR 4 )═N—, —C(OR 5 )═N—, —N(R 4 )SO 2 —, —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 )—, —P(O)(R 5 )—, —P(O)(OR 5 )—O—, —P(O)—O—, or —P(O)(NR 5 )—N(R 5 )—; 
 each R 1j  independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring; 
 each R 2j  independently is —NO 2 , —CN, —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 ) 2 , —C≡C—R 5 , —C(R 5 )═C(R 5 )(R 10 ), —C≡C—R 10 , —OR 5 , —SR 6 , —S(O)R 6 , —SO 2 R 6 , —SO 3 R 5 , —SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 C(O)R 5 , —NR 4 C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , —O—CO 2 R 5 , —OC(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —O—C(O)R 5 , —CO 2 R 5 , —C(O)—C(O)R 5 , —C(O)R 5 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) C (═NR 4 )N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 )—C(O), —C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(═NR 4 )—OR 5 , —N(R 4 )C(═NR 4 )—N(R 4 ) 2 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 R 6 , —N(R 4 )SO 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , —P(O)(R 5 ) 2 , or —P(O)(OR 5 ) 2 ; 
 
 each R 3  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 aliphatic, —F, —OH, and —O(C 1-3 alkyl), or two substituents R 3  on the same carbon atom, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; 
 each R 3a  independently is selected from the group consisting of—F, —OH, —O(C 1-3 alkyl), —CN, —N(R 4 ) 2 , —C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), —C(O)NH 2 , and —C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl); 
 each R 3b  independently is a C 1-3 aliphatic optionally substituted with R 3a  or R 7 , or two substituents R 3b  on the same or adjacent carbon atom(s), taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; and 
 each R 4  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; or two R 4  on the same nitrogen atom, taken together with the nitrogen atom, form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, 0-2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; 
 each R 4a  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; or two R 4a  on the same nitrogen atom, taken together with the nitrogen atom, form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, 0-2 ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; 
 each R 5  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 each R 5a  independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; 
 each R 6  independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic or aryl group; 
 each R 6a  independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic or aryl group; 
 each R 7  independently is an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring; 
 each R 8h  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, and —O(C 1-4 aliphatic); 
 each R 8j  independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 aliphatic, C 1-4 -fluoroaliphatic, -halo, —CO 2 H, —CO 2 (C 1-4 aliphatic), —OH, and —O(C 1-4 aliphatic); and 
 R 10  is —CO 2 R 5  or —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 .