Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces, Methods of Making, and Devices Incorporating the Same

Abstract

The invention is directed to an article with a liquid-impregnated surface, the surface having a matrix of features thereupon, spaced sufficiently close to stably contain a liquid therebetween or therewithin, and preferable also a thin film thereupon. The surface provides the article with advantageous non-wetting properties. Compared to previous non-wetting surfaces, which include a gas (e.g., air) entrained within surface textures, these liquid-impregnated surfaces are resistant to impalement and frost formation, and are therefore more robust.

1 . A liquid-impregnated surface, said surface comprising a matrix of features spaced sufficiently close to stably contain a liquid therebetween or therewithin. 
     
     
         2 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein said liquid has viscosity at room temperature no greater than about 1000 cP. 
     
     
         3 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein said liquid has vapor pressure at room temperature no greater than about 20 mm Hg. 
     
     
         4 . The surface of  claim 2 , wherein said liquid has a viscosity at room temperature no greater than about 100 cP. 
     
     
         5 . The surface of  claim 2 , wherein said liquid has a viscosity at room temperature no greater than about 50 cP. 
     
     
         6 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the features have substantially uniform height and wherein the liquid fills space between the features and coats the features with a layer at least about 5 nm in thickness over the top of the features. 
     
     
         7 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the features define pores or other wells and wherein the liquid fills the features. 
     
     
         8 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the liquid has receding contact angle of 0° such that the liquid forms a stable thin film on the top of the features. 
     
     
         9 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the matrix has a feature-to-feature spacing from about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometers. 
     
     
         10 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the matrix has a feature-to-feature spacing from about 5 nanometers to about 1 micrometer. 
     
     
         11 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the matrix comprises hierarchical structures. 
     
     
         12 . The surface of  claim 11 , wherein the hierarchical structures are micro-scale features that comprise nano-scale features thereupon. 
     
     
         13 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the features have height no greater than about 100 micrometers. 
     
     
         14 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the features are posts. 
     
     
         15 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the features comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of a spherical particle, a nanoneedle, a nanograss, and a random geometry feature that provides surface roughness. 
     
     
         16 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the features comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of a pore, a cavity, interconnected pores, and interconnected cavities. 
     
     
         17 . The surface of  claim 16 , wherein the surface comprises porous media with a plurality of pores having different sizes. 
     
     
         18 . The surface of  claim 1 , wherein the liquid comprises a member selected from the group consisting of silicone oil, a perfluorocarbon liquid, a perfluoroFluorinated vaccum oil (such as Krytox 1506 or Fromblin 06/6), a fluorinated coolant (e.g., perfluoro-tripentylamine sold as FC-70, manufactured by 3M), an ionic liquid, a fluorinated ionic liquid that is immiscible with water, a silicone oil comprising PDMS, a fluorinated silicone oil, a liquid metal, an eletro-rheological fluid, a magneto-rheological fluid, a ferrofluid, a dielectric liquid, a hydrocarbon liquid, a fluorocarbon liquid, a refrigerant, a vacuum oil, a phase-change material, a semi-liquid, grease, synovial fluid, bodily fluid. 
     
     
         19 .- 29 . (canceled)