Water Treatment Methods and Apparatus

Abstract

Methods and apparatus may permit the generation of consistent output synthesis gas from highly variable input feedstock solids carbonaceous materials. A stoichiometric objectivistic chemic environment may be established to stoichiometrically control carbon content in a solid carbonaceous materials gasifier system. Processing of carbonaceous materials may include dominative pyrolytic decomposition and multiple coil carbonaceous reformation. Dynamically adjustable process determinative parameters may be utilized to refine processing, including process utilization of negatively electrostatically enhanced water species, process utilization of flue gas, and adjustment of process flow rate characteristics. Recycling may be employed for internal reuse of process materials, including recycled negatively electrostatically enhanced water species, recycled flue gas, and recycled contaminants. Synthesis gas generation may involve predetermining a desired synthesis gas for output and creating high yields of such a predetermined desired synthesis gas.

1 - 40 . (canceled) 
     
     
         41 . A water treatment device comprising:
 a radiation chamber, the radiation chamber including a housing within which resides   (i) a radiation source, wherein the radiation source emits radiation having a wavelength of approximately 254 nm and radiation having a wavelength of approximately 185 nm, and wherein the radiation source is generally cylindrical and has a first axis of cylinder,   (ii) a magnetic field source, the magnetic field source comprising electromagnets or permanent magnets included in at least a first magnetic rod, wherein the at least first magnetic rod is generally cylindrical and has a second axis of cylinder, and   (iii) a flow cell, the flow cell comprising a substantially UV transmissive material, wherein the flow cell is generally cylindrical and has a third axis of cylinder, and wherein the first, second and third axes of cylinder of the radiation source, the at least first magnetic rod, and the flow cell respectively are separate from and substantially parallel to one another, and wherein each of the radiation source, the first magnetic rod, and the flow cell are substantially surrounded by air within the radiation chamber;   a water flow path, the water flow path including the flow cell and being adapted to contain a flow of water, wherein at least most of the water flow path through the radiation chamber is defined by the flow cell;   and a gas injector, the gas injector being adapted to inject a gas from the radiation chamber into the water flow path.   
     
     
         42 . The water treatment device of  claim 41 , wherein:
 the radiation source comprises a UV lamp, the UV lamp being adapted to emit ultraviolet radiation in a quantity of approximately 14 watts or more;   the flow cell is disposed within 12 inches of the radiation source;   the magnetic field source is disposed within 12 inches of the radiation source;   and the gas injector is a venturi, the venturi being adapted to draw the gas from within the housing when the venturi is drawing a vacuum.   
     
     
         43 . The water treatment device of  claim 42 , wherein:
 the radiation source comprises two UV lamps, each of the two UV lamps being adapted to emit ultraviolet radiation in a quantity of approximately 14 watts or more.   
     
     
         44 . The water treatment device of  claim 43 , wherein:
 the flow cell comprises a flow cell axis of cylinder and has a length dimension of at least 10 inches, the length dimension being along the flow cell axis of cylinder; each of the two UV lamps comprises a lamp axis of cylinder;   and the flow cell axis of cylinder and both of the lamp axes of cylinder are substantially parallel.   
     
     
         45 . The water treatment device of  claim 44 , wherein:
 the each of the two UV lamps comprises a length dimension that resides along the lamp axis of cylinder, the length dimension of each of the each of the two UV lamps being at least 30 inches;   and the flow cell length dimension is at least about 30 inches.   
     
     
         46 . The water treatment device of  claim 45 , wherein the magnetic field source comprises a neodymium magnet having a grade of at least N40. 
     
     
         47 . The water treatment device of  claim 46 , wherein the neodymium magnet comprises two or more individual magnets, two of the two or more individual magnets being oriented such that a straight line through a center of mass of the two of the two or more individual magnets is substantially parallel to the flow cell axis of cylinder. 
     
     
         48 . The water treatment device of  claim 47 , wherein the two of the two or more individual magnets are oriented with one set of like poles facing each other, and no other magnet residing directly in between the two of the two or more individual magnets. 
     
     
         49 . A cooling tower water system comprising:
 a cooling tower, the cooling tower comprising cooling tower water;   the water treatment device of  claim 44 , wherein the water treatment device is functionally coupled to the cooling tower to treat the cooling tower water.   
     
     
         50 . A cooling tower water system comprising:
 a cooling tower, the cooling tower comprising cooling tower water;   the water treatment device of  claim 45 , wherein the water treatment device is functionally coupled to the cooling tower to treat the cooling tower water.   
     
     
         51 . The water treatment device of  claim 41 , wherein the water flow path includes a conduit, wherein a first section of the conduit passes through a wall of the radiation chamber and supplies water to the flow cell, wherein the first section of the conduit is connected to the flow cell via a first conduit junction, wherein a second section of the conduit passes through the wall of the radiation chamber and receives water from the flow cell, wherein the second section of conduit is connected to the flow cell by a second conduit junction, and wherein at the first and second conduit junctions the first and second conduits are parallel to one another and at a right angle to the flow cell. 
     
     
         52 . A method of treating cooling tower water comprising:
 pumping water from a cooling tower into a water treatment device wherein the water treatment device includes:   a radiation chamber, the radiation chamber including a housing within which resides   (i) a radiation source, wherein the radiation source is generally cylindrical and has a first axis of cylinder,   (ii) a magnetic field source, the magnetic field source comprising electromagnets or permanent magnets included in a magnetic rod, wherein the magnetic rod is generally cylindrical and has a second axis of cylinder, and   (iii) a flow cell, the flow cell comprising substantially UV transmissive material, wherein the flow cell is generally cylindrical and has a third axis of cylinder, and wherein the first, second and third axes of cylinder of the radiation source, the magnetic rod, and the flow cell respectively are separate from and are substantially parallel to one another, and wherein each of the radiation source, the magnetic rod, and the flow cell are substantially surrounded by air within the radiation chamber;   a water flow path, the water flow path including the flow cell and being adapted to contain a flow of water, wherein the water flow path through the radiation chamber is at least partially defined by the flow cell;   at least some of the water from the cooling tower flowing along the water flow path through a venturi and through the flow cell; each of the two UV lamps comprising the radiation source emitting ultraviolet radiation in an amount of approximately 14 watts or more;   drawing air from within the housing into the venturi and into the water flowing through the venturi.   
     
     
         53 . The method of treating cooling tower water of  claim 52 , wherein the air is ozone fortified air. 
     
     
         54 . The method of treating cooling tower water of  claim 53 , wherein the ozone fortified air is drawn into the venturi at a rate of 0.50 CFR or more. 
     
     
         55 . The method of treating cooling tower water of  claim 54 , wherein the flow cell has an inside diameter of approximately 1.0 inch, and the flow cell comprises quartz glass having transmittance of at least 80% at 254 nm, per 1 mm glass. 
     
     
         56 . The method of treating cooling tower water of  claim 55 , wherein the water is pumped through the flow cell at approximately 10 GPM to approximately 20 GPM. 
     
     
         57 . The method of treating cooling tower water of  claim 52 , wherein prior to drawing air from within the radiation chamber housing into the venturi and into the water flowing through the venturi the air is drawn past the two UV lamps and the flow cell. 
     
     
         58 . A water treatment device comprising:
 a radiation chamber, the radiation chamber including:   a housing, the housing being substantially opaque to UV radiation and substantially enclosing other radiation chamber components;   two UV lamps, the two UV lamps residing within the housing and each of the two UV lamps being adapted to emit approximately 14 watts or more UV radiation, wherein the two UV lamps are generally cylindrical and lie along substantially parallel axes;   a flow cell;   the flow cell   (i) having a length of at least 20 inches;   (ii) residing within approximately 2.0 inches of at least one of the two UV lamps for most of its length; and   (iii) comprising substantially UV transmissive glass, wherein the flow cell is generally cylindrical and lies along an axes that is substantially parallel to and separate from the axes of the UV lamps;   a magnetic field source, the magnetic field source residing within the housing and comprising permanent magnets or electromagnets, wherein the magnetic field source includes a plurality of magnets arranged along an axis that is substantially parallel to and separate from the UV lamp axes and the flow cell axis;   a venturi;   a gas line, the gas line running from inside the radiation chamber to the venturi and being adapted to carry a gas from inside the radiation chamber to the venturi.   
     
     
         59 . The water treatment device of  claim 58 , wherein at least one of the two UV lamps has a main spectral peak at approximately 254 nm, and at least one of the two UV lamps has a spectral peak at approximately 185 nm. 
     
     
         60 . A method of treating cooling tower water comprising:
 water flowing from a cooling tower into a water treatment device, the water treatment device including:   a radiation chamber, the radiation chamber including:   a housing, the housing being substantially opaque to UV radiation and substantially enclosing other radiation chamber components;   two UV lamps, the two UV lamps residing within the housing, wherein the two UV lamps are generally cylindrical and lie along substantially parallel axes;   a flow cell, the flow cell comprising substantially UV transmissive glass, wherein the flow cell is generally cylindrical and lies along an axes that is substantially parallel to and separate from the axis of the UV lamps;   a magnetic field source, the magnetic field source residing within the housing and comprising permanent magnets or electromagnets, wherein the magnetic field source includes a plurality of magnets arranged along an axis that is substantially parallel to and separate from the UV lamp axes and the flow cell axis;   a venturi;   a gas line, the gas line running from inside the radiation chamber to the venturi and being adapted to carry a gas from inside the radiation chamber to the venturi;   water flowing through the venturi and the flow cell;   the each of the two UV lamps emitting more than approximately 14 watts of UV radiation;   ozone fortified air flowing from inside the radiation chamber to the venturi.   
     
     
         61 . The method of treating cooling tower water of  claim 60 , further comprising the venturi dispensing at least 0.50 CFR ozone fortified air into the cooling tower water. 
     
     
         62 . The method of treating cooling tower water of  claim 61 , wherein the magnetic field source comprises at least 6 individual N52 grade neodymium magnets.