Preloading lithium ion cell components with lithium

Abstract

Provided are novel negative electrodes for use in lithium ion cells. The negative electrodes include one or more high capacity active materials, such as silicon, tin, and germanium, and a lithium containing material prior to the first cycle of the cell. In other words, the cells are fabricated with some, but not all, lithium present on the negative electrode. This additional lithium may be used to mitigate lithium losses, for example, due to Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer formation, to maintain the negative electrode in a partially charged state at the end of the cell discharge cycle, and other reasons. In certain embodiments, a negative electrode includes between about 5% and 25% of lithium based on a theoretical capacity of the negative active material. In the same or other embodiments, a total amount of lithium available in the cell exceeds the theoretical capacity of the negative electrode active material.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A lithium ion cell comprising:
 a negative electrode comprising a negative active material disposed on a negative electrode substrate and configured for inserting and removing lithium ions during battery cycling;   a positive electrode comprising a positive active material disposed on a positive electrode substrate and configured for inserting and removing the lithium ions during battery cycling;   a separator for electronically isolating the negative electrode and the positive electrode in the lithium ion cell and for allowing the lithium ions to transfer between the negative electrode and the positive electrode during battery cycling,   wherein the negative active material includes lithium prior to assembly of the lithium ion cell,   wherein the active material comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, and tin; and   wherein the active material forms an active layer and wherein there is a concentration gradient of lithium along the thickness of the active layer.   
     
     
         2 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein the active material further comprises carbon. 
     
     
         3 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein lithium is integrated into the structure of the active material. 
     
     
         4 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 3 , wherein the amount of lithium in the active material is between about 5% and 25% based on a theoretical capacity of the active material. 
     
     
         5 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein the amount of lithium in the active material is between about 5% and 50% based on a theoretical capacity of the active material. 
     
     
         6 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein a source of lithium is selected from the group consisting of lithium metal, lithium silicides, lithium-metal alloys, lithium salts, lithium oxide, and lithium nitride. 
     
     
         7 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein a source of lithium forms an alloy with the active material. 
     
     
         8 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein an intermediate layer is positioned between the substrate and the active layer. 
     
     
         9 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein the concentration of lithium in the active layer is less adjacent to the substrate than the concentration of lithium near an exposed surface of the active layer. 
     
     
         10 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein the active material comprises nanowires having an aspect ratio of at least about 10. 
     
     
         11 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 9 , wherein the nanowires comprise substrate rooted nanowires. 
     
     
         12 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein the active material comprises nanostructures having a core and a shell, wherein the shell has a different composition than the core. 
     
     
         13 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 12 , wherein the concentration of lithium in the cores is on average greater than the concentration of lithium in the shells. 
     
     
         14 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 12 , wherein the concentration of lithium in the cores is on average less than the concentration of lithium in the shells. 
     
     
         15 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 12 , wherein the cores comprise silicon and the shells comprise carbon. 
     
     
         16 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein the amount of lithium in the active material is sufficient to compensate for lithium losses during SEI layer formation. 
     
     
         17 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein the total amount of lithium in the cell exceeds the negative electrode theoretical capacity by at least about 5%. 
     
     
         18 . The lithium ion cell of  claim 1 , wherein the total amount of lithium in the cell exceeds the positive electrode theoretical capacity. 
     
     
         19 . A lithium ion cell comprising:
 a negative electrode comprising a negative active material disposed on a negative electrode substrate and configured for inserting and removing lithium ions during battery cycling;   a positive electrode comprising a positive active material disposed on a positive electrode substrate and configured for inserting and removing the lithium ions during battery cycling;   a separator for electronically isolating the negative electrode and the positive electrode in the lithium ion cell and for allowing the lithium ions to transfer between the negative electrode and the positive electrode during battery cycling,   wherein the negative active material comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, and tin; and   wherein the negative active material forms an active layer and wherein there is a concentration gradient of lithium along the thickness of the active layer.