Treatment of retroviral reservoirs exploiting oxidative stress

Abstract

Activation of HIV-1 replication causes oxidative stress, which in turn potentiates HIV-1 replication. The common basis for the compounds of the present invention is: A) the capacity of reactivating HIV-1 from latency, and B) the ability to counteract the cellular machinery which activates in order to limit the effects of oxidative stress. In this way, oxidative stress can be potentiated and a “chain reaction” is sparked. This “chain reaction” induces a more efficient reactivation of HIV-1 from latency and, in some cases, induces selective killing of the infected cells. Actions A) and B) can either be carried out by one drug exerting both effects, or obtained by the combined use of distinct drugs. There are two main cellular machineries counteracting oxidative stress, i.e. the thioredoxin (Trx) thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) system and glutathione. Herein, we present drug strategies capable of exerting action B) by blocking either of the two machineries.

1 - 20 . (canceled) 
     
     
         21 . A method for selectively targeting a cell latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which method comprises contacting a cell with arsenic trioxide in an amount effective for inducing replication of the latent HIV, wherein the arsenic trioxide has an epigenetic effect on the latently infected cell. 
     
     
         22 . A method according to  claim 21 , in which the arsenic trioxide is administered in combination with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), butionine sulfoximine (BSO), iron nitriloacetate (FeNTA), and ferrous sulphate. 
     
     
         23 . A method according to  claim 21 , in which the cell is selected from the group consisting of an ACH-2 cell and a U1 cell. 
     
     
         24 . A method according to  claim 21 , additionally comprising administration of a conventional anti-retroviral therapy. 
     
     
         25 . A method for treating a retroviral infection in an individual, which method comprises administering, to the individual, arsenic trioxide in an amount effective for inducing replication of latent HIV, wherein the arsenic trioxide has an epigenetic effect. 
     
     
         26 . A method according to  claim 25 , wherein the arsenic trioxide is administered in combination with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDCAI), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), butionine sulfoximine (BSO), iron nitriloacetate (FeNTA) and ferrous sulphate. 
     
     
         27 . A method according to  claim 25 , additionally comprising administration of a conventional anti-retroviral therapy. 
     
     
         28 . A method according to  claim 25 , wherein the arsenic trioxide is administered in combination with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA).