Increase of yield in crop plants through selection of epigenetically modified populations

Abstract

Methods are provided to select plants and populations of epigenetically fixed crop plants with improved yield.

1 . A method of selecting a population of plants or seeds with a high energy use efficiency comprising the steps of:
 a. providing a population consisting of a plurality of individual plants which are genetically uniform;   b. isolating a tissue sample or explant from individual plants of said population in a manner which allows further cultivation of said sampled individual plants;   c. optionally, culturing said tissue samples or explants under conditions which activate the metabolism in said plants;   d. determining the cellular respiration rate of said individual plants by analyzing said samples of said plants;   e. selecting a number of plants wherein said sample exhibits a cellular expiration which is lower, preferably is significantly lower, than the average cellular respiration of samples from said population;   f. growing the selected plants and propagating from each of the selected plants a line of cloned progeny plants;   g. determining the energy use efficiency for each line of cloned progeny plants;   h. selecting a line of clone plants wherein said energy use efficiency is higher, than the average of the energy use efficiency of all lines of cloned progeny plants, preferably select the line of clone progeny plants with the highest energy use efficiency;   i. growing a population of individual plants from said selected line of clone progeny plants; and   j. reiterating at least once steps b to i on said subsequent population.   
     
     
         2 . The method according to  claim 1 , wherein said individual plants are doubled haploid plants. 
     
     
         3 . The method according to  claim 1 , wherein said step j is repeated at least twice. 
     
     
         4 . The method according to  claim 1 , wherein said propagating from each of the selected plants a line of cloned progeny plants is achieved by self-pollination of said plant and harvesting the seeds or by vegetative multiplication. 
     
     
         5 . The method according to  claim 1 , wherein said energy use efficiency is determined by
 a. i. determining the cellular respiration in said sample;    ii. determining the NAD(P)H content in said sample; and    iii. dividing the NAD(P)H content by the respiration to determine the energy use efficiency, or   b. measuring the ascorbate content in said sample, or   c. measuring the activity of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in said sample.   
     
     
         6 . The method according to  claim 1  wherein said plants with high energy use efficiency are identified by
 a. determining the cellular respiration in said sample and at least one of the following parameters:
 i. ascorbate content in said sample; 
 ii. NAD(P)H content in said sample; 
 iii. activity of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in said sample; or 
 iv. photorespiration in said sample; 
 
 b. identifying plants with low cellular respiration in said sample and a high ascorbate content, or a high respiratory chain complex I activity or low photorespiration. 
 
     
     
         7 . The method according to  claim 6 , wherein said cellular respiration rate is between 85 and 95% of the cellular respiration rate of a control plant, and/or wherein said NAD(P)H content is between 95 to 105% of the NAD(P)H content of a control plant, and/or wherein activity of said complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity is between 120 to 140% of activity of a control plant, and/or wherein said ascorbate content is between 150 to 220% of the ascorbate content of a control plant, and/or wherein said ascorbate content is between 150 to 220% of the ascorbate content of a control plant, and/or wherein said photorespiration is between 80 to 92% of the photorespiration of a control plant. 
     
     
         8 . The method according to any one of  claim 1 , wherein said tissue sample is isolated by severing the hypocotyl from the epicotyl, whereby the hypocotyl constitutes said sample and the epicotyl is further grown to a plant. 
     
     
         9 . The method according to  claim 1 , wherein said plant is a  Brassica  oilseed rape, a tomato plant or rice plant. 
     
     
         10 . The method according to  claim 1 , wherein said culturing of said tissue samples or explants under conditions which activate the metabolism in said plants is performed under conditions mimicking drought conditions or is performed on media containing polyethyleenglycol. 
     
     
         11 . A method for producing a population of plants or seeds with increased yield potential, and/or with increased vigor and/or increased tolerance to adverse abiotic conditions, comprising selecting a population of plants or seeds with a high energy use efficiency according to  claim 1 . 
     
     
         12 . The method according to  claim 11 , wherein said plants are further crossed with another plant. 
     
     
         13 . A method for increasing harvest yield comprising
 a. producing a population of plants or seeds with a high energy use efficiency according to  claim 1 ;   b. growing said plants or seeds in a field;   c. producing a harvest from said plants or seeds.   
     
     
         14 . A method for producing a hybrid plant or hybrid seed with high yield or tolerance to adverse abiotic conditions comprising:
 a. selecting a population of plants with high energy use efficiency according to  claim 1  for at least one parent inbred plant;   b. crossing plants of said population with another inbred plant;   c. isolating hybrid seed of said cross; and   d. optionally, grow hybrid plants from said seed.   
     
     
         15 . The method according to  claim 14 , wherein the population of plants with high energy use efficiency is selected for both parent inbred plants. 
     
     
         16 . The method according to  claim 14 , wherein said one parent plant is a male sterile plant and maintaining said male sterile plant requires the use of a maintainer line further characterized in that the population of plants with high energy use efficiency is also selected for the maintainer line. 
     
     
         17 . A plant, seed or population of plants, obtained by any the method of  claim 1 . 
     
     
         18 . A plant with high energy use efficiency characterized in that said plant has a low cellular respiration and at least one of the following characteristics:
 i. a high ascorbate content;   ii. a high NAD(P)H content;   iii. a high respiratory chain complex I activity; or   iv. a low photorespiration.   
     
     
         19 . The plant according to  claim 18 , wherein said plant is a hybrid plant. 
     
     
         20 . The plant according to  claim 18 , which is a plant with higher growth, yield or biomass production under restricted water conditions than a isogenic control plant.