Methods of producing para-xylene and terephthalic acid

Abstract

The present disclosure provides methods to produce para-xylene, toluene, and other compounds from renewable sources (e.g., cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, sugar) and ethylene in the presence of a catalyst. For example, cellulose and/or hemicellulose may be converted into 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), which may be converted into para-xylene by cycloaddition of ethylene to DMF. Para-xylene can then be oxidized to form terephthalic acid.

1 - 22 . (canceled) 
     
     
         23 . A method for producing para-xylene, comprising:
 a) combining 2,5-hexanedione with ethylene and a catalyst to form a reaction mixture, wherein the catalyst comprises a triflate; and   b) producing para-xylene from at least a portion of the 2,5-hexanedione and at least a portion of the ethylene in the reaction mixture.   
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 23 , further comprising isolating the para-xylene from the reaction mixture. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the catalyst is a metal triflate. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the catalyst comprises a Group 3 metal cation, a Group 9 metal cation, a Group 10 metal cation, a Group 11 metal cation, or a lanthanide series metal cation. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the catalyst comprises a divalent metal cation or a trivalent metal cation. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the catalyst comprises Cu 2+ , Co 2+ , Cr 3+ , Ni 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Al 3+ , Bi 3+ , Fe 3+ , Gd 3+ , In 3+ , Nd 3+ , La 3+ , Sc 3+ , or Y 3+ . 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the catalyst is bismuth triflate, copper triflate, cobalt triflate, chromium triflate, iron triflate, cadmium triflate, indium triflate, nickel triflate, manganese triflate, tin triflate, titanium triflate, vanadium triflate, yttrium triflate, zinc triflate, gadolinium triflate, lanthanum triflate, aluminum triflate, cerium triflate, praseodymium triflate, neodymium triflate, samarium triflate, europium triflate, terbium triflate, dysprosium triflate, holmium triflate, erbium triflate, thulium triflate, ytterbium triflate, or lutetium triflate, or any combinations thereof. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the 2,5-hexanedione, the ethylene and the catalyst are further combined with a solvent to form the reaction mixture. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein the solvent comprises an aliphatic solvent, an aromatic solvent, an ether solvent, an ester solvent, an alcohol solvent, a ketone solvent, a halogenated solvent, an ionic liquid, or any mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein the solvent comprises an aromatic solvent. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein the solvent comprises dioxane, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, butane, pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, cycloheptane, octane, cyclooctane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, hexadecane, tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, nitromethane, para-xylene, toluene, anisole, nitrobenzene, bromobenzene, or N-methylpyrrole, or any combinations thereof. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 30 , wherein the solvent comprises para-xylene. 
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the ethylene is provided at a supercritical pressure, a supercritical temperature, or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the para-xylene is produced at a temperature between 200° C. and 400° C. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the para-xylene is produced at a pressure between 50 bar to 1000 bar. 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 23 , wherein the para-xylene is produced at a pressure between 600 psi and 1000 psi. 
     
     
         39 . A method for producing terephthalic acid, comprising:
 a) combining 2,5-hexanedione with ethylene and a catalyst to form a reaction mixture, wherein the catalyst comprises a triflate;   b) producing para-xylene from at least a portion of the 2,5-hexanedione and at least a portion of the ethylene in the reaction mixture; and   c) oxidizing the para-xylene to produce terephthalic acid.   
     
     
         40 . The method of  claim 39 , wherein the catalyst is a metal triflate. 
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 39 , wherein the catalyst is bismuth triflate, copper triflate, cobalt triflate, chromium triflate, iron triflate, cadmium triflate, indium triflate, nickel triflate, manganese triflate, tin triflate, titanium triflate, vanadium triflate, yttrium triflate, zinc triflate, gadolinium triflate, lanthanum triflate, aluminum triflate, cerium triflate, praseodymium triflate, neodymium triflate, samarium triflate, europium triflate, terbium triflate, dysprosium triflate, holmium triflate, erbium triflate, thulium triflate, ytterbium triflate, or lutetium triflate, or any combinations thereof.