US2015237929A1PendingUtilityA1

Gradient nanoparticle-carbon allotrope polymer composite

44
Assignee: GREENHILL ANTIBALLISTICS CORPPriority: Oct 18, 2010Filed: Mar 15, 2013Published: Aug 27, 2015
Est. expiryOct 18, 2030(~4.3 yrs left)· nominal 20-yr term from priority
Inventors:Zachary R. GreenhillJoseph J. Belbruno
F41H 5/0414A42B 3/063A63B 71/0054A63B 2071/0063F41H 7/04F41H 1/00A41D 13/015F42D 5/045F41H 1/08Y10T428/25Y10T428/256F41H 5/04
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Claims

Abstract

Systems and methods are provided for protective devices. A protective equipment device may include a high mass member; and a nanoparticle shock wave attenuating material layer disposed on the high mass member. The nanoparticle shock wave attenuating material layer may include a gradient nanoparticle layer including a plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters that are arranged in a gradient array; and a carbon allotrope layer disposed in proximity to the gradient nanoparticle layer, the carbon allotrope layer comprising a plurality of carbon allotrope members suspended in a matrix.

Claims

exact text as granted — not AI-modified
What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A shock wave attenuating material comprising:
 a plurality of shock attenuating layers each comprising:
 (i) a gradient nanoparticle layer comprising a plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters arranged in a gradient array; and 
 (ii) a carbon allotrope layer disposed in proximity to the gradient nanoparticle layer, the carbon allotrope layer comprising a plurality of carbon allotrope members suspended in a matrix. 
   
     
     
         2 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 1 , further comprising a substrate layer, wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers is disposed on the substrate layer. 
     
     
         3 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 1 , wherein the gradient array comprises the plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters arranged in a gradient array from smallest diameter to largest diameter. 
     
     
         4 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 1 , wherein the carbon allotrope layer is disposed adjacent to the gradient nanoparticle layer. 
     
     
         5 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 1 , wherein the gradient nanoparticle layer comprises nanoparticles of at least two different diameters. 
     
     
         6 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 1 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises at least 3 gradient nanoparticle layers and at least 3 carbon allotrope layers. 
     
     
         7 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 1 , wherein the carbon allotrope members are selected from a list of carbon allotropes consisting of: graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, functionalized graphene sheets, functionalized carbon nanotubes, functionalized fullerenes and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         8 . A helmet, comprising:
 (a) a helmet member configured to be worn by a user; and   (b) a plurality of shock attenuating layers applied to at least a portion of the helmet member, each shock attenuating layer comprising:
 (i) a gradient nanoparticle layer comprising a plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters that are arranged in a gradient array; and 
 (ii) a carbon allotrope layer disposed in proximity to the gradient nanoparticle layer, the carbon allotrope layer comprising a plurality of carbon allotrope members suspended in a matrix. 
   
     
     
         9 . The helmet of  claim 8 , wherein the helmet member comprises a para-aramid synthetic fiber. 
     
     
         10 . The helmet of  claim 8 , wherein the helmet member comprises ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. 
     
     
         11 . The helmet of  claim 8 , wherein the gradient nanoparticle layer comprises nanoparticles of at least two different diameters. 
     
     
         12 . The helmet of  claim 8 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises at least 3 gradient nanoparticle layers and at least 3 carbon allotrope layers. 
     
     
         13 . The helmet of  claim 8 , wherein the carbon allotrope members are selected from a list of carbon allotropes consisting of: graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, functionalized graphene sheets, functionalized carbon nanotubes, functionalized fullerenes and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         14 . The helmet of  claim 8 , wherein the gradient array comprises the plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters arranged in a gradient array from smallest diameter to largest diameter. 
     
     
         15 . The helmet of  claim 8 , wherein the carbon allotrope layer is disposed adjacent to the gradient nanoparticle layer. 
     
     
         16 . The helmet of  claim 8 , wherein the helmet is a sports helmet. 
     
     
         17 . The helmet of  claim 16 , wherein at least the helmet comprises one of vinyl nitrile, expanded polypropylene, polycarbonate, plastic. 
     
     
         18 . The helmet of  claim 16 , wherein at least one element of the helmet comprises enhanced polystyrene. 
     
     
         19 . An armor unit, comprising:
 (a) a structural element;   (b) an armor plate; and   (c) a plurality of shock attenuating layers disposed in a predetermined relationship with at least one of the structural element and the armor plate, each shock attenuating layer comprising:
 (i) a gradient nanoparticle layer comprising a plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters that are arranged in a gradient array; and 
 (ii) a carbon allotrope layer disposed in proximity to the gradient nanoparticle layer, the carbon allotrope layer comprising a plurality of carbon allotrope members suspended in a matrix. 
   
     
     
         20 . The armor unit of  claim 19 , wherein the gradient nanoparticle layer comprises nanoparticles of at least two different diameters. 
     
     
         21 . The armor unit of  claim 19 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises at least 3 gradient nanoparticle layers and at least 3 carbon allotrope layers. 
     
     
         22 . The armor unit of  claim 19 , wherein the carbon allotrope members are selected from a list of carbon allotropes consisting of: graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, functionalized graphene sheets, functionalized carbon nanotubes, functionalized fullerenes and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         23 . The armor unit of  claim 19 , wherein the gradient array comprises the plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters arranged in a gradient array from smallest diameter to largest diameter. 
     
     
         24 . The armor unit of  claim 19 , wherein the carbon allotrope layer is disposed adjacent to the gradient nanoparticle layer. 
     
     
         25 . The armor unit of  claim 19 , wherein the structural element comprises at least one of a ceiling, a floor or a wall of a vehicle. 
     
     
         26 . The armor unit of  claim 19 , wherein the structural element comprises a body armor assemblage. 
     
     
         27 . A personal body armor unit, comprising:
 (a) a ceramic plate;   (b) a high mass member disposed adjacent to the ceramic plate; and   (c) a nanoparticle shock wave attenuating material layer disposed on the high mass member, the nanoparticle shock wave attenuating material layer comprising:
 (i) a gradient nanoparticle layer comprising a plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters that are arranged in a gradient array; and 
 (ii) a carbon allotrope layer disposed in proximity to the gradient nanoparticle layer, the carbon allotrope layer comprising a plurality of carbon allotrope members suspended in a matrix. 
   
     
     
         28 . The personal body armor unit of  claim 27 , wherein the high mass member comprises a material selected from a list of materials consisting of: ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, a para-aramid synthetic fiber composite, a carbon fiber composite, a metal, a ceramic and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         29 . The personal body armor unit of  claim 27 , wherein the nanoparticle shock wave attenuating material layer comprises a plurality of shock attenuating layers. 
     
     
         30 . The personal body armor unit of  claim 27 , wherein the gradient nanoparticle layer comprises nanoparticles of at least two different diameters. 
     
     
         31 . The personal body armor unit of  claim 27 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises at least 3 gradient nanoparticle layers and at least 3 carbon allotrope layers. 
     
     
         32 . The personal body armor unit of  claim 27 , wherein the carbon allotrope members are selected from a list of carbon allotropes consisting of: graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, functionalized graphene sheets, functionalized carbon nanotubes, functionalized fullerenes and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         32 . The personal body armor unit of  claim 27 , wherein the gradient array comprises the plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters arranged in a gradient array from smallest diameter to largest diameter. 
     
     
         33 . The personal body armor unit of  claim 27 , wherein the carbon allotrope layer is disposed adjacent to the gradient nanoparticle layer. 
     
     
         34 . A sports protective equipment device, comprising:
 a high mass member; and   a nanoparticle shock wave attenuating material layer disposed on the high mass member, the nanoparticle shock wave attenuating material layer comprising:
 (i) a gradient nanoparticle layer comprising a plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters that are arranged in a gradient array; and 
 (ii) a carbon allotrope layer disposed in proximity to the gradient nanoparticle layer, the carbon allotrope layer comprising a plurality of carbon allotrope members suspended in a matrix. 
   
     
     
         35 . The sports protective equipment device of  claim 34 , wherein the high mass member comprises a material selected from a list of materials consisting of: ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, polycarbonate, expanded polypropylene, vinyl nitrile, ABS plastic, para-aramid synthetic fiber composite, a carbon fiber composite, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         36 . The sports protective equipment device of  claim 34 , wherein the nanoparticle shock wave attenuating material layer comprises a plurality of shock attenuating layers. 
     
     
         37 . The sports protective equipment device of  claim 34 , wherein the gradient nanoparticle layer comprises nanoparticles of at least two different diameters. 
     
     
         38 . The sports protective equipment device of  claim 34 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises at least 3 gradient nanoparticle layers and at least 3 carbon allotrope layers. 
     
     
         39 . The sports protective equipment device of  claim 34 , wherein the carbon allotrope members are selected from a list of carbon allotropes consisting of: graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, functionalized graphene sheets, functionalized carbon nanotubes, functionalized fullerenes and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         40 . The sports protective equipment device of  claim 34 , wherein the gradient array comprises the plurality of nanoparticles of different diameters arranged in a gradient array from smallest diameter to largest diameter. 
     
     
         41 . The sports protective equipment device of  claim 34 , wherein the carbon allotrope layer is disposed adjacent to the gradient nanoparticle layer. 
     
     
         42 . A shock wave attenuating material, comprising:
 (a) a substrate layer; and   (b) a plurality of shock attenuating layers disposed on the substrate layer, each shock attenuating layer comprising:
 (i) a nanoparticle layer comprising a plurality of nanoparticles; and 
 (ii) a polymer layer disposed adjacent to the gradient nanoparticle layer, wherein at least two of the nanoparticle layers in the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprise different diameters of nanoparticles. 
   
     
     
         43 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 42 , wherein at least one nanoparticle layer has nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm and at least one nanoparticle layer has nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 nm. 
     
     
         44 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 42 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises at least 3 nanoparticle layers and at least 3 polymer layers. 
     
     
         45 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 42 , wherein the polymer layer is selected from the group consisting of: graphene, fullerines, carbon nanotubes, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         46 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 42 , wherein the polymer layer is carbon nanotubes, and the carbon nanotubes are functionalized. 
     
     
         47 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 46 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are functionalized with carboxylic acid or amine groups. 
     
     
         48 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 42 , wherein the polymer layer comprises poly(4-vinylphenol) and carboxylic acid functionalized carbon nanotubes. 
     
     
         49 . The shock wave attenuating material of  claim 42 , wherein the polymer layer has a thickness of approximately 50 to approximately 150 nm. 
     
     
         50 . A coating for an electronic device, the coating comprising:
 (a) a surface of an electronic device; and   (b) a plurality of shock attenuating layers applied to at least a portion of the surface of the electronic device, each shock attenuating layer comprising:
 (i) a plurality of nanoparticle layers, wherein each nanoparticle layer comprises nanoparticles of approximately the same diameter, wherein at least two of the nanoparticle layers comprise nanoparticles of different diameters; and 
 (ii) at least one carbon allotrope layer disposed in proximity to at least one of the nanoparticle layers, the at least one carbon allotrope layer comprising a plurality of carbon allotrope members suspended in a matrix. 
   
     
     
         51 . The coating of  claim 50 , wherein the nanoparticle layers of different diameters are arranged in a gradient array from smallest diameter to largest diameter. 
     
     
         52 . The coating of  claim 50 , wherein the carbon allotrope layer is disposed adjacent to the at least one of the nanoparticle layers. 
     
     
         53 . The coating of  claim 50 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises at least 3 nanoparticle layers and at least 3 carbon allotrope layers. 
     
     
         54 . The coating of  claim 50 , wherein the carbon allotrope members are selected from a list of carbon allotropes consisting of: graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, functionalized graphene sheets, functionalized carbon nanotubes, functionalized fullerenes and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         55 . The coating of  claim 50 , wherein the surface is a casing for an electronic device. 
     
     
         56 . The coating of  claim 55 , wherein the electronic device is selected from the group consisting of: a laptop computer, an audio device, an e-book, a computer, a television, an mp3 player, a portable DVD player, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         57 . The coating of  claim 50 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises a particle layer with particles of approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 nm in diameter, a carbon allotrope layer, and a particle layer with particles of approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         58 . The coating of  claim 57 , wherein the unit of the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 nm in diameter, the carbon allotrope layer, and the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm in diameter is repeated approximately 25-300 times. 
     
     
         59 . The coating of  claim 50 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises approximately 5 pairs of a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 nm in diameter and a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         60 . The coating of  claim 59 , wherein the unit of the approximately 5 pairs of particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 nm in diameter and the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm in diameter is repeated approximately 10-40 times. 
     
     
         61 . The coating of  claim 50 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises a particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 220 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, and a particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         62 . The coating of  claim 61 , wherein the unit of the particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 220 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, and the particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter particle layer is repeated at least once. 
     
     
         63 . The coating of  claim 61 , wherein at least one of the plurality of nanoparticle layers comprises radio frequency shielding particles that are a metal with high conductivity or an alloy with high permeability. 
     
     
         64 . The coating of  claim 61 , wherein the radio frequency shielding particles are selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, nickel-iron alloys, aluminum alloys, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         65 . The coating of  claim 63 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises a carbon allotrope layer, a radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 in diameter, a carbon allotrope layer, and a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         66 . The coating of  claim 65 , wherein the unit of the carbon allotrope layer, the radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 in diameter, the carbon allotrope layer, and the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm in diameter is repeated approximately 25-300 times. 
     
     
         67 . The coating of  claim 63 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises a carbon allotrope layer, a radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, a carbon allotrope layer, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 nm in diameter, a carbon allotrope layer, a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         68 . The coating of  claim 67 , wherein the unit of the carbon allotrope layer, the radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, the carbon allotrope layer, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm to approximately 320 nm in diameter, the carbon allotrope layer, the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm to approximately 400 nm in diameter is repeated approximately 10-40 times. 
     
     
         69 . The coating of  claim 63 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises a carbon allotrope layer, a radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 220 nm particle layer, a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, and a particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         70 . The coating of  claim 69 , wherein the unit of a carbon allotrope layer, the radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 220 nm particle layer, the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, and the particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter is repeated at least once. 
     
     
         71 . The coating of  claim 63 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises a carbon allotrope layer, a radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 220 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, and a particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         72 . The coating of  claim 71 , wherein the unit of the carbon allotrope layer, the radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 220 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 130 nm in diameter, and the particle layer with particles approximately 110 nm in diameter is repeated at least once. 
     
     
         73 . The coating of  claim 63 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises a carbon allotrope layer, a radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 to approximately 320 in diameter, and a particle layer with particles approximately 200-400 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         74 . The coating of  claim 73 , wherein the unit of the carbon allotrope layer, the radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm to approximately 500 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 to approximately 320 in diameter, and the particle layer with particles approximately 200-400 nm in diameter is repeated at least once. 
     
     
         75 . The coating of  claim 63 , wherein the plurality of shock attenuating layers comprises a carbon allotrope layer, a radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5nm-500 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm-320 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 200-400 nm in diameter, a radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm-500 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm-320 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 200-400 nm in diameter, a radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm-500 nm in diameter, a particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm-320 nm in diameter, and a particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm-400 nm in diameter. 
     
     
         76 . The coating of  claim 75 , wherein the unit of the carbon allotrope layer, the radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm-500 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm-320 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 200-400 nm in diameter, the radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm-500 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm-320 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 200-400 nm in diameter, the radio frequency shielding particle layer with particles approximately 5 nm-500 nm in diameter, the particle layer with particles approximately 160 nm-320 nm in diameter, and the particle layer with particles approximately 200 nm-400 nm in diameter is repeated at least once.

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