System for storing ammonia in and releasing ammonia from a storage material and method for storing and releasing ammonia

Abstract

A system for storing ammonia in and releasing ammonia from a storage material capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by adsorption or absorption for a process with a gradual ammonia demand that can vary over the time. The system has a container capable of housing the ammonia-containing storage material; a heating source arranged to supply heat for the desorption of ammonia from the solid storage medium; and a controller arranged to control the heating source to release ammonia. The heating source may be arranged inside the container and surrounded by ammonia storage material. A controllable dosing valve is arranged to dose released ammonia according to the ammonia demand. The controller comprises a feed-forward control arranged to control the heat supplied by the heating source, based on the ammonia demand.

1 . A system for storing ammonia in and releasing ammonia from a storage material capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by adsorption or absorption for a process with a gradual ammonia demand that can vary over the time, comprising:
 a container capable of housing the ammonia-containing storage material;   a heating source arranged to supply heat for the desorption of ammonia from the storage material;   a controller arranged to control the heating source to release ammonia;   a controllable dosing valve arranged to dose released ammonia according to the ammonia demand;   wherein the controller comprises a feed-forward control arranged to control the heat supplied by the heating source, based on the ammonia demand.   
     
     
         2 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the desorption of ammonia from the storage material is endothermic, and the feed-forward control is arranged to control the heat supplied by the heating source such that it compensates the energy required for the endothermic desorption of the demanded ammonia from the storage material. 
     
     
         3 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the controller is arranged to determine a heat loss of the container to the surroundings, and the feed-forward control is arranged to control the heat supplied by the heating source such that it compensates the heat loss to the surroundings. 
     
     
         4 . The system of  claim 3 , wherein the heat loss to the surroundings is estimated on the basis of a measurement of at least one of the temperature inside the container, the temperature of an inner side of a container wall, the temperature of an outer side of a container wall, and the temperature of the surroundings. 
     
     
         5 . (canceled) 
     
     
         6 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the controller comprises an over-laid feedback control arranged, based on a pressure measurement in the container, to reduce or terminate the supply of heat by the heating source when the pressure is above an upper pressure threshold and to increase or start the supply of heat by the heating source when the pressure is below a lower pressure threshold. 
     
     
         7 . The system of  claim 1 , arranged to remove NOx from an oxygen-containing exhaust gas of a combustion engine or combustion process, further comprising:
 a feed line arranged to feed released gaseous ammonia from the container into the exhaust gas,   a catalyst for reducing NOx by reaction with the ammonia, and   wherein the controller is further arranged to obtain the ammonia demand based on at least one of (i) a measurement of the NOx, and (ii) information from an engine controller or combustion process controller.   
     
     
         8 . The system of  claim 7 , wherein the controllable dosing valve is arranged to dose released ammonia into the exhaust gas. 
     
     
         9 . The system of  claim 7 , further comprising an NOx sensor, on which the NOx measurement is based. 
     
     
         10 . The system of  claim 7 , wherein the information from the engine controller is indicative of the engine's operational state, and the feed-forward control is arranged to estimate the ammonia demand based on the operational state information. 
     
     
         11 . (canceled) 
     
     
         12 . (canceled) 
     
     
         13 . (canceled) 
     
     
         14 . The system of  claim 1 , arranged to use the desorbed ammonia, or a derivative of it, as fuel in a fuel cell, further comprising:
 (a) a catalytic ammonia cracking reactor to produce hydrogen, a fuel cell capable of operating on gaseous hydrogen; or   (b) a fuel cell capable on running directly on released ammonia.   
     
     
         15 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the ammonia storage material is capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by absorption and is a chemical complex in the form of an ionic salt of the general formula: M a (NH 3 ) n X z 1 wherein M is one or more cations selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals or combinations thereof, X is one or more anions selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, thiocyanate, sulphate, molybdate and phosphate ions, a is the number of cations per salt molecule, z is the number of anions per salt molecule, and n is the coordination number of 2 to 12. 
     
     
         16 . (canceled) 
     
     
         17 . The system of  claim 15 , wherein the ionic salt is either chloride or sulphate salts of Mg, Ca, Sr or mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         18 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the ammonia storage material is in the form of shaped units of ammonia storage material. 
     
     
         19 . The system of  claim 18 , wherein the ammonia storage material is compacted to a dense block, rod, cylinder ring or edged unit with a density above 70% of the theoretical maximum skeleton density of the saturated solid material. 
     
     
         20 . (canceled) 
     
     
         21 . (canceled) 
     
     
         22 . (canceled) 
     
     
         23 . (canceled) 
     
     
         24 . (canceled) 
     
     
         25 . (canceled) 
     
     
         26 . (canceled) 
     
     
         27 . (canceled) 
     
     
         28 . (canceled) 
     
     
         29 . (canceled) 
     
     
         30 . (canceled) 
     
     
         31 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the controllable dosing valve is also feed-forward controlled to dose released ammonia according to the ammonia demand. 
     
     
         32 . The system of  claim 31 , wherein an ammonia-demand signal by the controller is used to feed-forward control both the controllable dosing valve and the heating source. 
     
     
         33 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein control of the controllable dosing valve comprises a mass flow meter that is arranged to measure the mass flow of ammonia dosed by the dosing valve. 
     
     
         34 . The system of  claim 33 , arranged to compare the ammonia demand and the measured mass flow, and control the controllable dosing valve such that the measured mass flow matches the ammonia demand. 
     
     
         35 . A method of releasing ammonia stored by storage material housed in a container and capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by adsorption or absorption for a process with a gradual ammonia demand that can vary over the time, comprising:
 determining how much heat is to be supplied to the ammonia storage material for the desorption of ammonia by means of a control comprising a feed-forward control, based on the ammonia demand;   supplying the heat by a heating source;   dosing released ammonia by means of controllable a dosing valve according to the ammonia demand.   
     
     
         36 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the heating source is arranged inside the container and is surrounded by ammonia storage material. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 35 , wherein the heating source is arranged inside the container and is surrounded by ammonia storage material.