Compositions and methods for preventing or reducing resistance of insects to insecticides

Abstract

A method for preventing or reducing resistance to a pesticide of a substrate pest, which method comprises the administration to the substrate or the pest of a composition comprising: (a) a rapid-release formulation of an inhibitor of a factor causing or contributing to the resistance of the pest to the pesticide; and, substantially simultaneously, (b) a non-rapid release formulation of the pesticide. The invention also provides compositions suitable for use in such a method.

1 - 30 . (canceled) 
     
     
         31 . A method for reducing resistance to a pesticide of a substrate pest, comprising administering to a substrate or a pest:
 (a) a rapid-release formulation of a metabolic enzyme inhibitor; and substantially simultaneously,   (b) a pesticide encapsulated in a degradable capsule, thereby reducing resistance of the substrate pest to the pesticide.   
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 31 , wherein component (a) and component (b) are administered separately. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 32 , wherein component (a) and component (b) are administered to the substrate or the pest within 10 seconds of each other. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 33 , wherein component (a) and component (b) are administered to the substrate or the pest within one or two seconds of each other. 
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 31 , wherein the rapid-release formulation of component (a) is a standard pesticide formulation, which comprises at least one of the formulations selected from the group consisting of: wettable powders, granules, emulsifiable concentrates, and ultra-low volume formulations to which water can be added to form an emulsion or a suspension. 
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 31 , wherein the inhibitor comprises an esterase inhibitor. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 36 , wherein the esterase inhibitor comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: S,S,S,-tributyl phosphorothionate; O,O,O-triphenyl phosphate; piperonyl butoxide (PBO); profenofos; ethion; and dimethoate. 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 31 , wherein the inhibitor of component (a) is piperonyl butoxide (PBO). 
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 31 , wherein the composition comprises more than one pesticide encapsulated in a degradable capsule. 
     
     
         40 . The method of  claim 39 , wherein one or more pesticides are microencapsulated within a degradable capsule. 
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 31 , wherein the pesticide of component (b) comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: pyrethroids; organo-phosphates; and carbamates. 
     
     
         42 . The method of  claim 41 , wherein the pesticide of component (b) includes at least one pyrethroid selected from the group consisting of: fenvalerate; S-fenvalerate; both alpha and zeta forms of cypermethrin; bifenthrin; deltamethrin; and beta-cyfluthrin. 
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 31  wherein component (a) is piperonyl butoxide and component (b) is a pyrethroid. 
     
     
         44 . A pesticide composition for reducing resistance to a pesticide of a substrate pest comprising:
 (a) a rapid-release formulation of a metabolic enzyme inhibitor; and   (b) a pesticide encapsulated in a degradable capsule.   
     
     
         45 . The composition of  claim 44 , wherein component (a) and component (b) are formulated as an admixture. 
     
     
         46 . The composition of  claim 44 , wherein the rapid-release formulation of component (a) is a standard pesticide formulation, which comprises at least one of the formulations selected from the group consisting of: wettable powders, granules, emulsifiable concentrates, and ultra-low volume formulations to which water can be added to form an emulsion or a suspension. 
     
     
         47 . The composition of  claim 44 , wherein the inhibitor of component (a) comprises at least one inhibitor selected from the group consisting of: esterase inhibitors, mixed function oxidase inhibitors, and glutathione S-transferase inhibitors. 
     
     
         48 . The composition of  claim 47 , wherein the inhibitor of component (a) is an esterase inhibitor. 
     
     
         49 . The composition of  claim 44 , wherein the pesticide of component (b) includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: pyrethroids, organo-phosphates, and carbamates. 
     
     
         50 . The composition of  claim 44 , wherein the inhibitor of component (a) is piperonyl butoxide and the pesticide of component (b) is a pyrethroid.