Modified diamond particles

Abstract

Modified diamond particles for use in chromatography with a desired functional group at the diamond surface, formed from reaction of hydroxyl groups at diamond surfaces with a reactive molecule.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A chemical separation apparatus, comprising:
 a stationary phase including a plurality of diamond surfaces, each of at least some of the plurality of diamond surfaces including a modified surface having at least one of an acyl halide derivative or an isocyanate derivative tethered to the modified surface through an ester linkage or a urethane linkage respectively.   
     
     
         2 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the at least one of the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative provides steric hindrance from further reactions with at least one of the diamond surface, the ester linkage, or the urethane linkage. 
     
     
         3 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the acyl halide or the isocyanate derivative is formed from an acyl halide molecule or an isocyanate molecule having an electrophilic site. 
     
     
         4 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivatives is formed from an acyl halide or isocyanate molecule having a leaving group. 
     
     
         5 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative is a reaction product of one or more of alkyl isocyanate, aryl isocyanate, acid chloride with aromatic group, acid chloride with alkyl group, or acid bromide. 
     
     
         6 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative includes one of or more of alkyl groups or aryl groups. 
     
     
         7 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 6  wherein the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative includes an alkyl group with the formula —(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n=0-25. 
     
     
         8 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 6  wherein the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative includes an alkyl group that is branched. 
     
     
         9 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 8  wherein the alkyl group is branched after an α-carbon of the acyl halide or isocyanate derivatives. 
     
     
         10 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 6  wherein the acyl halide or isocyanate derivative is branched at an α-carbon thereof. 
     
     
         11 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 6  wherein the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative include an alkyl group that is partially or fully fluorinated. 
     
     
         12 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 6  wherein the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative includes an aryl group that is partially or fully fluorinated. 
     
     
         13 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the plurality of diamond particles are porous diamond particles. 
     
     
         14 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the at least one of the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative includes one or more functional groups near enough to the ester linkage or the urethane linkage effective to provide steric hindrance for further reactions at the diamond surface. 
     
     
         15 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the chemical separation apparatus is configured as a solid phase extraction column. 
     
     
         16 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 1  wherein the chemical separation apparatus is configured as a chromatography column. 
     
     
         17 . The chemical separation apparatus of  claim 16  wherein the chromatography column is configured as a high-performance liquid chromatography column, ultra-performance chromatography column, a gel filtration column, an ion exchange column, or an affinity separation column. 
     
     
         18 . A chemical separation apparatus, comprising:
 a stationary phase including a plurality of diamond surfaces, each of at least some of the plurality of diamond surfaces including a modified surface having at least one acyl halide derivative tethered to the modified surface through an ester linkage.   
     
     
         19 . A method of separating an analyte, the method comprising:
 disposing a solution containing an analyte in a chemical separation apparatus, the chemical separation apparatus including a stationary phase including a plurality of diamond surfaces, each of at least some of the plurality of diamond surfaces including a modified surface having at least one of an acyl halide derivative or an isocyanate derivative tethered to the modified surface through an ester linkage or a urethane linkage respectively; and   separating the analyte from the solution with the chemical separation apparatus.   
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 19  wherein the at least one of the acyl halide derivative or the isocyanate derivative provide steric hindrance from further reactions with at least one of the diamond surface, the ester linkage, or the urethane linkage.