Choline Esters

Abstract

Compounds, formulations, and methods are provided containing the choline ester of a reducing agent, especially lipoic acid or derivatives thereof. The compounds may be administered via a topical ocular route to treat or prevent oxidative damage.

1 .- 31 . (canceled) 
     
     
         32 . A method of treating or preventing an ocular disease, comprising administering an ocular composition to a cornea, wherein the administration delivers about 10 μM to about 700 μM of lipoic acid or derivative across the cornea. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 32 , wherein the ocular composition is administered topically. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 32 , wherein the ocular disease is presbyopia. 
     
     
         35 . A method of treating or preventing an ocular disease, comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition to a lens, wherein the administration delivers about 10 μM to about 700 μM of lipoic acid or derivative thereof to the lens. 
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 35 , wherein the ocular composition is administered topically. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 35 , wherein the ocular disease is presbyopia.