Methods and uses of controlling particulate emissions in an internal combustion engine

Abstract

The use as a particulate emissions and/or a complex poly-aromatic nuclei (CPAN) controlling additive in a fuel composition for a direct-injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine of a combination of: a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b. a polyalkylene amine.

1 - 17 . (canceled) 
     
     
         18 . A method of controlling particulate emissions from a direct-injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine which method comprises supplying to the engine a fuel composition which comprises a combination of:
 a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and   b. a polyalkylene amine,   the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound and the polyalkylene amine being present in the fuel composition in an amount such that substantially less particulate emissions are formed when the fuel composition is combusted in the engine than when the same fuel composition without the combination of the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound and the polyalkylene amine is combusted in the engine.   
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound is a Mannich Base additive. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the polyalkylene amine is a polyisobutylene amine. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from about 20 ppm to about 300 ppm. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of the aromatic compound exhibits a number average molecular weight of from about 700 to about 1500. 
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of the aromatic compound is or comprises polyisobutylene. 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the polyalkylene amine is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the polyalkylene amine contains a polyalkylene group that exhibits a number average molecular weight of from about 700 to about 1500. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the weight ratio of actives of the polyalkylene amine:the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound in the fuel composition is in the range of from about 5:1 to about 1:5. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the engine is a spark-ignition internal combustion engine. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the engine is a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the at least one polyalkylene amine is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from 100 ppm to 500 ppm. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the at least one polyalkylene amine is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from 160 ppm to 500 ppm. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from 70 ppm to 200 ppm. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein
 the at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from 70 ppm to 200 ppm; and   the at least one polyalkylene amine is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from 160 ppm to 500 ppm.   
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 18 , wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound is a Mannich Base additive, and the polyalkylene amine is a polyisobutylene amine. 
     
     
         34 . A method of reducing the particulate emitting tendency of a fuel composition for use in a direct-injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine which method comprises incorporating into the fuel composition in one or more steps:
 a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and   b. a polyalkylene amine   
       to produce a fuel composition which comprises said additives in combination and which on combustion in said engine produces less particulate emissions than the particulate emissions produced when combusting in said engine the fuel composition without said combination of additives. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound is a Mannich Base additive and the polyalkylene amine is a polyisobutylene amine. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from about 20 ppm to about 300 ppm, and the polyalkylene amine is present in the fuel composition at a concentration of actives of from about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. 
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 34 , wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent of the aromatic compound exhibits a number average molecular weight of from about 700 to about 1500, and wherein the polyalkylene amine contains a polyalkylene group that exhibits a number average molecular weight of from about 700 to about 1500. 
     
     
         36 . A method
 for controlling wear on at least one of the turbo, the timing chain, the crank train, and the camshaft and valve train assembly, and associated bearings and sealing systems, and/or   for maintaining the performance of the lubricant, and/or for maintaining at least one of the exhaust gas recirculation system, the exhaust gas after treatment system and the gasoline particulate filters, and/or   for limiting at least one of the octane requirement increase and the propensity for pre-ignition in the engine, and/or   for preventing increases in turbo lag and response times, and or   for controlling the generation of complex poly-aromatic nuclei (CPAN)   
       in a direct-injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine, which method comprises supplying to the engine a fuel composition which comprises a combination of:
 a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and 
 b. a polyalkylene amine. 
 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 36 , wherein the method is for controlling the generation of complex poly-aromatic nuclei (CPAN) in a direct-injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine, and wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound and the polyalkylene amine being present in the fuel composition in an amount such that substantially less complex poly-aromatic nuclei (CPAN) are generated when the fuel composition is combusted in the engine than when the same fuel composition without the combination of the hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound and the polyalkylene amine is combusted in the engine.