Electro-polarizable compound and capacitor

Abstract

A composite oligomeric material includes one or more repeating backbone units; one or more polarizable units incorporated into or connected to one or more of the one or more repeating backbone units; and one or more resistive tails connected to one or more of the repeating backbone units or to the one or more polarizable units as a side chain on the polarizable unit, on a handle linking a polarizable unit to a backbone unit, or directly attached to a backbone unit. The composite oligomer material may be polymerized to form a metadielectric, which may be sandwiched between to electrodes to form a metacapacitor.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A composite oligomeric material comprising:
 one or more repeating backbone units   one or more polarizable units incorporated into or connected to one or more of the   one or more repeating backbone units, and   one or more resistive tails connected to one or more of the repeating backbone units or to the one or more polarizable units as a side chain on the polarizable unit, on a handle linking a polarizable unit to a backbone unit, or directly attached to a backbone unit.   
     
     
         2 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 1 , wherein the at least one polarizable unit is attached to a repeating backbone unit via a handle, as partially incorporated into said repeating backbone unit, or fully part of the repeating backbone unit. 
     
     
         3 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 2 , wherein the general structure of said composite oligomeric material is selected from the list: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein “Monomer”, Mono 1 and Mono2 each represent a backbone unit; “Tail” is the resistive tail; “Polar Unit” is the polarizable unit; “Linker” is the handle or a connecting group; “m1”, “m2”, “p” and “t” represent an integer indicating the number of occurrences of mono1, mono2, Polar Unit, and Tail respectively; and “1” is equal to 0 or 1; “n” is an integer greater than or equal to 1 representing the number of repeat units of the composite oligomeric material. 
       
     
     
         4 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 1 , wherein the polarizable unit comprises a rylene fragment doped with at least one electron donor and at least one electron acceptor. 
     
     
         5 . A capacitor as in  claim 3  wherein the polarizable unit is described by any of the following formulae: 
       
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         
           
           
               
               
           
         
         wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  substituents are independently selected in each occurrence from the group comprised of hydrogen, an electron donor, an electron acceptor, and a resistive tail; R A   1 , R A′   1 , R A″   1 , R A′″   1 , R A″″   1 , and R A′″″   1  are each independently selected from the group comprised of hydrogen, a resistive tail, an electron donor, and an electron acceptor, and n 1 , n 2 , and n 3  can be any integer between 0 and 8 with the provision that not all n 1 , n 2 , and n 3  values can equal 0. 
       
     
     
         6 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 1 , wherein the polarizable unit comprises an electron donor, a conjugated bridge and an electron acceptor. 
     
     
         7 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 6  wherein the polarizable unit is at least one chromophore. 
     
     
         8 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 7 , wherein the at least one chromophore consists of dopant groups that enhance the polarizability of the chromophore. 
     
     
         9 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 8 , wherein the dopant groups are independently selected from the group consisting of electron donor and electron acceptor groups; and wherein the electron donor groups are selected from amine and alkoxy groups. 
     
     
         10 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 9 , wherein the amine groups of the type R—N—R′ or R—N—R where R and R′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, resistive tails, linker groups connected to resistive tails, linker groups connected to the one or more repeating backbone units, and the one or more repeating backbone units. 
     
     
         11 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 1 , wherein the resistive tails are alkyl chains. 
     
     
         12 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 1 , wherein the resistive tails are rigid. 
     
     
         13 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 12 , wherein the rigid resistive tails are selected from the group comprised of unsubstituted saturated cycloalkyl, substituted saturated cycloalkyl, unsubstituted saturated cyclic hydrocarbon wherein the hydrocarbon chain may be interrupted by an element from the list of O, S, N, and P, and substituted saturated cyclic hydrocarbon wherein the hydrocarbon chain may be interrupted by an element from the list of O, S, N, and P. 
     
     
         14 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 7 , wherein the resistive tails are covalently attached to the chromophore. 
     
     
         15 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 7 , wherein the resistive tails are covalently attached to an oligomeric repeating backbone. 
     
     
         16 . A composite oligomeric material in  claim 15 , wherein the chromophore possesses a NRR′ group where R and R′ are the resistive tails and are independently selected from the list consisting of hydrogen, unsubsituted alkyl, substituted alkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic. 
     
     
         17 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 1  wherein the repeating backbone unit belongs to one of the groups selected from (meth)acrylates, polyvinyl, peptides, peptoids, and polyimides. 
     
     
         18 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 7 , wherein the chromophores are azo-dye chromophores. 
     
     
         19 . A composite oligomeric material as in  claim 18  wherein the azo-dye chromophores are selected from Disperse Red-1 and Black Hole Quencher-2 and oligomers thereof 
     
     
         20 . A metadielectric material comprising a structured arrangement of composite oligomeric materials according to  claim 1 , and having a resistivity greater than or equal to about 10 16  Ohm-cm and a relative permittivity greater than or equal to about 1000. 
     
     
         21 . A metadielectric material as in  claim 20 , wherein the structured arrangement of composite oligomeric materials is a crystalline structured arrangement. 
     
     
         22 . The metadielectric material as in  claim 21 , wherein the crystalline structured arrangement of the composite oligomeric materials includes crystalline ordered arrangements selected from the list of thermotropic and isotropic crystal ordering. 
     
     
         23 . A metadielectric material as in  claim 20 , wherein the structured arrangement of composite oligomeric materials includes lamella or lamella-like structures. 
     
     
         24 . A capacitor comprising a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, and a dielectric layer sandwiched between the first and second conductive layers; wherein the dielectric layer is a film comprised of a metadielectric material that has a resistivity greater than or equal to about 10 16  Ohm-cm, a relative permittivity greater than or equal to about 1000, wherein the metadielectric material includes a composite oligomeric material comprising:
 one or more repeating backbone units
 one or more polarizable units incorporated into or connected to one or more of the one or more repeating backbone units, and 
 one or more resistive tails connected to one or more of the repeating backbone units or to the one or more polarizable units as a side chain on the polarizable unit, on a handle linking a polarizable unit to a repeating backbone unit, or directly attached to a repeating backbone unit. 
   
     
     
         25 . A capacitor as in  claim 24 , further comprising an insulating layer, wherein the dielectric layer is a thin film, the first and second conductive layers are metal, and the insulating layer is independently selected from a list including a metadielectric material, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate polyester (PET), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). 
     
     
         26 . A capacitor as in  claim 24  wherein the dielectric layer includes a polymer with the metadielectric material suspended as a guest in a guest-host system. 
     
     
         27 . A capacitor as in  claim 26  where in the host polymer is selected from poly(methyl methacrylate), polyimides, polycarbonates, and poly(ε-caprolactone). 
     
     
         28 . A capacitor as in  claim 24  wherein the metadielectric material is incorporated into a larger polymer matrix wherein the polymer matrix may possess the same or different repeating backbone unit as the metadielectric material. 
     
     
         29 . A capacitor as in  claim 24  wherein the composite oligomeric material is capable of forming structures selected from the list of lyotropic crystal structures, thermotropic crystal structures, lamella structures, and lamella-like structures.