Electrode materials with high surface conductivity

Abstract

The present invention concerns electrode materials capable of redox reactions by electron and alkali-ion exchange with an electrolyte. The applications are in the field of primary (batteries) or secondary electrochemical generators, supercapacitors and light modulating systems of the electrochromic type.

1 - 38 . (canceled) 
     
     
         39 . A secondary battery comprising an electrode material comprising:
 a particle of electroactive material comprising:   
       at least one complex oxide of the formula A a M m Z z O o N n F f , wherein: 
       A comprises at least one alkali metal; 
       M comprises at least one transition metal; 
       Z comprises at least one non-metal; 
       O is oxygen; 
       N is nitrogen; 
       F is fluorine;
 wherein the coefficients a, m and z>0;
 wherein at least one of o, n and f>0; and 
 a solid polymer comprising between 60 molar % and 100 molar % carbon (C) and having an electronic conductivity of at least 10 −6  S/cm, wherein the solid polymer is coated on the surface of the electroactive material, 
 
 wherein the particle retains at least 85% of its theoretical capacity after at least five cycles in an electrochemical cell cycled at 20 mV/h. 
 
     
     
         40 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the solid polymer has an electronic conductivity of at least 10 −4  S/cm. 
     
     
         41 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the solid polymer further comprises hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), or nitrogen (N). 
     
     
         42 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , V 2+ , V 3+ , Ti 2+ , Ti 3+ , Mo 3+ , Mo 4+ , Nb 3+ , Nb 4+ , and W 4+ . 
     
     
         43 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the electrode material particle comprises between 10% to 70% solid polymer by electrode material particle volume. 
     
     
         44 . The secondary battery of  claim 43 , wherein the alkali metal comprises Li, Na, or K. 
     
     
         45 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the electrode material further comprises an additional conductive carbon material in the form of a fine power or fiber. 
     
     
         46 . The secondary battery of  claim 45 , wherein the additional conductive carbon material comprises carbon black or carbon fibers. 
     
     
         47 . The secondary battery of  claim 45 , wherein the electrode material is in the form of an electrode material particle comprising between 0.5% to 10% conductive carbon material by electrode material particle volume. 
     
     
         48 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , further comprising the electrode material deposited on and aluminum (Al) a current collector. 
     
     
         49 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , further comprising a polymer electrolyte. 
     
     
         50 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the particle retains at least 70% of its theoretical capacity after at least one thousand cycles of the secondary battery at 20 mV/h. 
     
     
         51 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the complex oxide comprises a complex oxide of the formula: Li 1+x MP 1−x Si x O 4 , wherein 0≦x and M comprises Fe or Mn. 
     
     
         52 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the complex oxide comprises a complex oxide of the formula: Li 1+x−y MP 1−x Si x O 4 F y , wherein 0≦x, y≦1, and M comprises Fe or Mn. 
     
     
         53 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the complex oxide comprises a complex oxide of the formula: Li 3−x+z M 2 (P 1−x−z S x Si z O 4 ) 3 , wherein 0≦x, z≦1, and M comprises Fe or Mn. 
     
     
         54 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the complex oxide comprises a complex oxide of the formula: Li 3+u−x+z V 2−z−w Fe u Ti w (P 1−x−z S x Si z O 4 ) 3 , wherein 0≦x and z≦1. 
     
     
         55 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the complex oxide comprises a complex oxide of the formula: Li 4+x Ti 5 O 12 , wherein 0≦x. 
     
     
         56 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the complex oxide comprises a complex oxide of the formula: Li 4+x−2y Mg y Ti 5 O 12 , wherein 0≦x and y≦1. 
     
     
         57 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the complex oxide comprises a complex oxide of the formula: Li 3.5 Mg 0.5 Ti 4 O 12 . 
     
     
         58 . The secondary battery of  claim 39 , wherein the at least one transition metal comprises Fe, Mn, V, Ti Mo, Nb, or W and the coefficient a allows the maintenance of the one of the following oxidation states of the at least one transition metal: Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , V 2+ , V 3+ , Ti 2+ , Ti 3+ , Mo 3+ , Mo 4+ , Nb 3+ , Nb 4+ , and W 4+ .