Method for controlling electrical conductivity of lubricating oils in electric vehicle powertrains

Abstract

This disclosure relates to a method for minimizing the electrical drainage of charged electrical powertrain components, a method for controlling electrical conductivity over a lifetime of a lubricating oil in an electric vehicle powertrain lubricated with the lubricating oil, and a method for obtaining a desired electrical conductivity-to-dielectric constant ratio of a lubricating oil for an electric vehicle powertrain and powertrain components. The methods relate to controlling at least one of oxidation, deposit formation and corrosion over the service lifetime of the oil. The lubricating oil has a composition including a lubricating base oil as a major component, an additive package, as a minor component, and an effective amount of one or more conductivity agents, as a minor component. The lubricating oil has an electrical conductivity from 10 pS/m to 20,000 pS/m, a dielectric constant of 1.6 to 3.6, with a ratio of electrical conductivity-to-dielectric constant from 5 to 10,000.

1 . A method for improving electrical performance in an electric vehicle powertrain by reducing electrical charge drainage of electrical energy storage devices and extending useful device lifetime, said method comprising providing to an electric vehicle powertrain a lubricating oil having a composition comprising: a lubricating base oil as a major component; an additive package, as a minor component comprising one or more lubricating oil additives; and an effective amount of one or more conductivity agents, as a minor component; wherein the lubricating oil has an electrical conductivity from about 10 pS/m to about 20,000 pS/m, a dielectric constant of about 1.6 to about 3.6, and a ratio of electrical conductivity-to-dielectric constant from about 5 to less than about 1,000. 
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating oil has an electrical conductivity from about 200 pS/m to about 1,000 pS/m. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating oil has a dielectrical constant from about 1.8 to about 3.5. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating oil has a kinematic viscosity from about 2 cSt to about 20 cSt at 100° C., a total acid number (TAN) less than about 3, less than about 200 ppm active sulfur, and a viscosity index (VI) greater than about 50. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating oil has a kinematic viscosity from about 2 cSt to about 14 cSt at 100° C., a total acid number (TAN) less than about 2, less than about 100 ppm active sulfur, and a viscosity index (VI) greater than about 100. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating base oil comprises a Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V base stock, or mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating base oil comprises: a blend of a Group IV base stock and a Group V base stock; a blend of a Group III base stock and a Group V base stock; a blend of a Group II base stock and a Group V base stock; or a blend of a Group I base stock and a Group V base stock. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating base oil comprises: a blend of a PAO base stock and an alkylated naphthalene or ester base stock; a blend of a GTL base stock and an alkylated naphthalene or ester base stock; or a blend of a Group II base stock and an alkylated naphthalene or ester base stock. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating base oil comprises a blend of a PAO base stock having a kinematic viscosity of about 3 cSt to about 250 cSt at 100° C., and an alkylated naphthalene or ester base stock having a kinematic viscosity of about 2 cSt to about 22 cSt at 100° C.; wherein the lubricating oil has a kinematic viscosity from about 4 cSt to about 12 cSt at 100° C. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 9  wherein the PAO base oil is present in an amount from about 5 to about 95 weight percent of the lubricating oil, and the alkylated naphthalene or ester base oil is present in an amount from about 5 to about 95 weight percent of the lubricating oil. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating base oil is present in an amount of from about 70 weight percent to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the additive package is present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 30 percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the additive package comprises one or more lubricating oil additives selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant; a detergent; a dispersant; an antiwear agent; a corrosion inhibitor; a viscosity modifier; a metal passivator; a pour point depressant; a seal compatibility agent; an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure agent; a friction modifier; and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the one or more conductivity agents are present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the one or more conductivity agents are selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, phospholipids, fatty acids, dispersants, detergents, antiwear agents, polar basestock fluids, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 1  further including a dielectric agent. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 16  wherein the dielectric agent comprises a polar basestock fluid in an amount sufficient to increase the dielectric constant by about 0.02 or more. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the ionic liquids are present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and tetradecylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the phospholipid is L-α-phosphatidylcholine or lecithin. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the dispersant is selected from the group consisting of ashless alkyl succinimides, metal-modified alkyl succinimides, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 22  wherein the metal of the metal-modified alkyl succinimides dispersant comprises zinc, boron, or mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the detergent is selected from the group consisting of metal alkyl salicylates, metal alkyl sulfonates, calcium alkyl salicylates, calcium alkyl sulfonates, low-base calcium alkyl salicylate, high-base calcium alkyl salicylate, neutral calcium alkyl sulfonates, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the antiwear agent is zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the polar basestock fluid is diethylhexyl azelate diester. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the lubricating oil has an operating temperature range of from about 75° C. to about 110° C. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 1  wherein the electric vehicle powertrain is one or more of an electric motor, an electric drive motor, a transmission, a front axle, a rear axle, a gear box, a differential, gears, bearings, a battery, a capacitor, a generator, an alternator, a converter, a kinetic energy accumulator, or a kinetic energy recovery system. 
     
     
         29 . A method for controlling electrical conductivity over a lifetime of a lubricating oil in an electric vehicle powertrain lubricated with the lubricating oil, comprising providing to an electric vehicle powertrain a lubricating oil having a composition comprising: a lubricating base oil as a major component; an additive package, as a minor component comprising one or more lubricating oil additives; and an effective amount of one or more conductivity agents, as a minor component; wherein the lubricating oil has an electrical conductivity from about 10 pS/m to about 20,000 pS/m, a dielectric constant of about 1.6 to about 3.6, with a ratio of electrical conductivity-to-dielectric constant from about 5 to less than about 1,000. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the electrical conductivity is maintained at about 10 pS/m to about 20,000 pS/m for at least about 1,000 to about 32,000 hours. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the electrical conductivity of the lubricating oil is maintained at less than about 6,000 pS/m for at least about 1,000 hours under oxidation conditions. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating oil has an electrical conductivity from about 200 pS/m to about 1,000 pS/m. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating oil has a dielectrical constant from about 1.8 to about 3.5. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating oil has a kinematic viscosity from about 2 cSt to about 20 cSt at 100° C., a total acid number (TAN) less than about 3, less than about 200 ppm active sulfur, and a viscosity index (VI) greater than about 50. 
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating oil has a kinematic viscosity from about 2 cSt to about 14 cSt at 100° C., a total acid number (TAN) less than about 2, less than about 100 ppm active sulfur, and a viscosity index (VI) greater than about 100. 
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the total acid number (TAN) of the lubricating oil is maintained at less than about 1.5 for at least about 1,000 hours under oxidation conditions. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating base oil comprises a Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V base stock, or mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating base oil comprises: a blend of a Group IV base stock and a Group V base stock; a blend of a Group III base stock and a Group V base stock; a blend of a Group II base stock and a Group V base stock; or a blend of a Group I base stock and a Group V base stock. 
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating base oil comprises: a blend of a PAO base stock and an alkylated naphthalene or ester base stock; a blend of a GTL base stock and an alkylated naphthalene or ester base stock; or a blend of a Group II base stock and an alkylated naphthalene or ester base stock. 
     
     
         40 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating base oil comprises a blend of a PAO base stock having a kinematic viscosity of about 3 cSt to about 250 cSt at 100° C., and an alkylated naphthalene or ester base stock having a kinematic viscosity of about 2 cSt to about 22 cSt at 100° C.; wherein the lubricating oil has a kinematic viscosity from about 4 cSt to about 12 cSt at 100° C. 
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 40  wherein the PAO base oil is present in an amount from about 5 to about 95 weight percent of the lubricating oil, and the alkylated naphthalene or ester base oil is present in an amount from about 5 to about 95 weight percent of the lubricating oil. 
     
     
         42 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating base oil is present in an amount of from about 70 weight percent to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil. 
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the additive package is present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 30 percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil. 
     
     
         44 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the additive package comprises one or more lubricating oil additives selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant; a detergent; a dispersant; an antiwear agent; a corrosion inhibitor; a viscosity modifier; a metal passivator; a pour point depressant; a seal compatibility agent; an antifoam agent, an extreme pressure agent; a friction modifier; and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         45 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the one or more conductivity agents are present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil. 
     
     
         46 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the one or more conductivity agents are selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, phospholipids, fatty acids, dispersants, detergents, antiwear agents, polar basestock fluids, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         47 . The method of  claim 29  further including a dielectric agent. 
     
     
         48 . The method of  claim 47  wherein the dielectric agent comprises a polar basestock fluid in an amount sufficient to increase the dielectric constant by about 0.02 or more. 
     
     
         49 . The method of  claim 46  wherein the ionic liquids are present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent. 
     
     
         50 . The method of  claim 46  wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and tetradecylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. 
     
     
         51 . The method of  claim 46  wherein the phospholipid is L-a-phosphatidylcholine or lecithin 
     
     
         52 . The method of  claim 46  wherein the fatty acid is stearic acid 
     
     
         53 . The method of  claim 46  wherein the dispersant is selected from the group consisting of ashless alkyl succinimides, metal-modified alkyl succinimides, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         54 . The method of  claim 53  wherein the metal of the metal-modified alkyl succinimides dispersant comprises zinc, boron, or mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         55 . The method of  claim 46  wherein the detergent is selected from the group consisting of metal alkyl salicylates, metal alkyl sulfonates, calcium alkyl salicylates, calcium alkyl sulfonates, low-base calcium alkyl salicylate, high-base calcium alkyl salicylate, neutral calcium alkyl sulfonates, and mixtures thereof. 
     
     
         56 . The method of  claim 46  wherein the antiwear agent is zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate. 
     
     
         57 . The method of  claim 46  wherein the polar basestock fluid is diethylhexyl azelate diester. 
     
     
         58 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the lubricating oil has an operating temperature range of from about 75° C. to about 110° C. 
     
     
         59 . The method of  claim 29  wherein the electric vehicle powertrain is one or more of an electric motor, an electric drive motor, a transmission, a front axle, a rear axle, a gear box, a differential, gears, bearings, a battery, a capacitor, a generator, an alternator, a converter, a kinetic energy accumulator, or a kinetic energy recovery system. 
     
     
         60 . The method of  claim 29  wherein two or more of the lubricating oils are used in the electric vehicle powertrain. 
     
     
         61 . A method for lubricating an electric vehicle powertrain in an electric vehicle by reducing electrical charge drainage of electrical energy storage devices and extending useful device lifetime, said method comprising providing to an electric vehicle powertrain a lubricating oil having a composition comprising: a lubricating base oil as a major component; an additive package, as a minor component comprising one or more lubricating oil additives; and an effective amount of one or more conductivity agents, as a minor component; wherein the lubricating oil has an electrical conductivity from about 10 pS/m to about 20,000 pS/m, a dielectric constant of about 1.6 to about 3.6, with a ratio of electrical conductivity-to-dielectric constant from about 5 to less than about 1,000.