Lean NOx Trapping Materials, Washcoats, and Methods of Making and Using The Same

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to micron-sized particle used for catalyzing and storing NO x gases, such as those found in vehicle exhaust emissions, washcoats employing micron-sized particle used for catalyzing and storing NO x gases, washcoat coated substrates, lean NO x trap (LNT) systems, and vehicles using such systems. Also provided are methods of preparing micron-sized particle used for catalyzing and storing NO x gases, as well as preparation of washcoats and coated substrates. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a lean NO x trapping materials, wherein the materials include a NO x catalytic component attached to a micron-sized carrier particle and a NO x storage component, as well as washcoats and coated substrates useful in the treatment of exhaust gases. In some embodiments, a portion of the NO x storage component is attached to the micron-sized carrier particle.

We claim: 
     
         1 . A coated substrate comprising:
 a substrate; and   a washcoat layer comprising:
 micron-sized oxygen-storage particles; 
 a plurality of composite nanoparticles, the composite nanoparticles comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle, the catalytic nanoparticle comprising one or more platinum group metals; and 
 an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
   
     
     
         2 . The coated substrate according to  claim 1 , wherein a portion of the composite nanoparticles are not covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         3 . The coated substrate according to  claim 1  or  2 , wherein a portion of the composite nanoparticles are covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         4 . The coated substrate of any one of  claims 1 - 3 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is not covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         5 . The coated substrate of any one of  claims 1 - 4 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         6 . The coated substrate of any one of  claims 1 - 5 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is barium oxide. 
     
     
         7 . The coated substrate of any one of  claims 1 - 6 , wherein the washcoat layer is formed by:
 combining a first component comprising the oxygen-storage particles, a second component comprising the composite nanoparticles, and a third component comprising the alkaline earth metal salt to form a washcoat slurry;   coating the washcoat slurry onto the substrate; and   calcining the substrate, thereby:
 converting the alkaline earth metal salt into the alkaline earth metal oxide; and 
 forming the washcoat layer. 
   
     
     
         8 . The coated substrate of  claim 7 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. 
     
     
         9 . The coated substrate of  claim 7  or  8 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is barium acetate. 
     
     
         10 . A NO x  storage washcoat composition comprising:
 micron-sized oxygen-storage particles;   composite nanoparticles, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle, the catalytic nanoparticle comprising one or more platinum group metals; and   an alkaline earth metal salt.   
     
     
         11 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of  claim 10 , wherein a portion of the composite nanoparticles are covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         12 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of  claim 10  or  11 , wherein a portion of the composite nanoparticles are not covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         13 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 12 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal salt is deposited onto the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         14 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 13 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal salt is not deposited onto the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         15 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 14 , wherein the washcoat composition is coated onto a substrate. 
     
     
         16 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 15 , wherein the washcoat composition is calcined, thereby converting the alkaline earth metal salt into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         17 . A NO x  storage washcoat composition comprising:
 micron-sized oxygen-storage particles;   composite nanoparticles, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle, the catalytic nanoparticle comprising one or more platinum group metals; and   an alkaline earth metal oxide.   
     
     
         18 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of  claim 17 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         19 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of  claim 17  or  18 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is not covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         20 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 17 - 19 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is barium oxide. 
     
     
         21 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 17 - 19 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is formed from an alkaline earth metal salt. 
     
     
         22 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 16  and  21 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. 
     
     
         23 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 16 ,  21 , and  22 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is barium acetate. 
     
     
         24 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 23 , wherein the washcoat composition is a washcoat slurry. 
     
     
         25 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 24 , further comprising a thickening agent. 
     
     
         26 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 25 , wherein the washcoat composition further comprises boehmite. 
     
     
         27 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 10 - 26 , wherein the washcoat composition is coated on a substrate. 
     
     
         28 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition of any one of  claims 17 - 23  and  27 , wherein the washcoat composition is a NO x  storage washcoat layer. 
     
     
         29 . A vehicle comprising a coated substrate, the coated substrate comprising:
 a substrate; and   a NO x  storage washcoat layer comprising:
 micron-sized oxygen-storage particles; 
 composite nanoparticles, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle, the catalytic nanoparticle comprising one or more platinum group metals; and 
 an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
   
     
     
         30 . The vehicle of  claim 29 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         31 . The vehicle of  claim 29 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is not covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         32 . The vehicle of any one of  claims 29 - 31 , wherein a portion of the composite nanoparticles are covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         33 . The vehicle of any one of  claims 29 - 32 , wherein a portion of the composite nanoparticles are not covalently bound to the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         34 . The vehicle of any one of  claims 29 - 33 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is barium oxide. 
     
     
         35 . A method of producing a washcoat composition, the method comprising:
 combining a first component comprising a plurality of micron-sized oxygen-storage particles; a second component comprising a plurality of composite nanoparticles, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle, the catalytic nanoparticle comprising one or more platinum group metals; and a third component comprising an alkaline earth metal salt.   
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 35 , further comprising coating a substrate with the washcoat composition. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 35  or  36 , further comprising calcining the washcoat composition to produce a washcoat layer. 
     
     
         38 . A method of producing a coated substrate, the method comprising:
 combing a first component comprising a plurality of micron-sized oxygen-storage particles; a second component comprising a plurality of composite nanoparticles, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle, the catalytic nanoparticle comprising one or more platinum group metals; and a third component comprising an alkaline earth metal salt to form a NO x  storage washcoat composition;   coating a substrate with the washcoat composition; and   calcining the substrate, thereby forming a NO x  storage washcoat layer coating the substrate.   
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 37  or  38 , wherein calcining the coated substrate converts the alkaline earth metal salt into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         40 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 39 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is dissolved in a solution. 
     
     
         41 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 40 , wherein the combining step occurs in a solution. 
     
     
         42 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 41 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal salt is deposited onto the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         43 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 42 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal salt is not deposited onto the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         44 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 43 , wherein a portion of the composite nanoparticles are deposited onto the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         45 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 44 , wherein a portion of the composite nanoparticles are not deposited onto the micron-sized oxygen-storage particles. 
     
     
         46 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 45 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. 
     
     
         47 . The method of  claim 46 , wherein the barium salt is barium acetate. 
     
     
         48 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 47 , further comprising combining a thickening agent with the washcoat composition. 
     
     
         49 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 48 , wherein the pH of the washcoat composition is adjusted to between about 3 and about 5. 
     
     
         50 . The method of any one of  claims 35 - 49 , further comprising combining boehmite with the washcoat composition. 
     
     
         51 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition or method of any one of  claims 10 - 28  and  35 - 50 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles make up about 10% to about 90% of the washcoat composition solids. 
     
     
         52 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition or method of any one of  claims 10 - 28  and  35 - 51 , wherein the composite nanoparticles make up about 5% to about 25% of the washcoat composition solids. 
     
     
         53 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition or method of any one of  claims 10 - 28  and  35 - 52 , wherein the composite nanoparticles make up about 10% to about 20% of the washcoat composition solids. 
     
     
         54 . The NO x  storage washcoat composition or method of any one of  claims 10 - 28  and  35 - 53 , wherein an alkaline earth metal oxide or alkaline earth metal salt makes up about 5% to about 25% of the washcoat composition solids. 
     
     
         55 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 54 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles are porous. 
     
     
         56 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method any one of  claims 1 - 55 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles comprise a metal oxide. 
     
     
         57 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 56 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles comprise cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         58 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 57 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles comprise cerium oxide and zirconium oxide. 
     
     
         59 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 57 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles comprise cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, and lanthanum oxide. 
     
     
         60 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 57 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles comprise cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, and yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         61 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 57 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles comprise cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, and yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         62 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 61 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are plasma generated. 
     
     
         63 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 62 , wherein the catalytic nanoparticle comprises one or more platinum group metals. 
     
     
         64 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 63 , wherein the catalytic nanoparticle comprises platinum or palladium. 
     
     
         65 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 64 , wherein the catalytic nanoparticle comprises platinum and palladium. 
     
     
         66 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 65 , wherein the catalytic nanoparticle comprises platinum and palladium of a ratio of about 1:2 platinum:palladium to about 25:1 platinum:palladium. 
     
     
         67 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 65 , wherein the support nanoparticle comprises a metal oxide. 
     
     
         68 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 68 , wherein the support nanoparticle comprises cerium oxide. 
     
     
         69 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 68 , wherein the composite nanoparticles comprise about 0.01 wt % to about 60 wt % platinum group metal and about 40 wt % to about 99.99 wt % metal oxide. 
     
     
         70 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, or vehicle of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  17 - 34 , and  51 - 69 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is covalently bound to the oxygen-storage particles by depositing an alkaline earth metal salt onto the oxygen-storage particles and allowing the alkaline earth metal salt to convert into the alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         71 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, or vehicle of  claim 53 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is converted into an alkaline earth metal oxide by calcining the coated substrate. 
     
     
         72 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, or vehicle of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  17 - 34 , and  51 - 71 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is comprised in a plurality of alkaline earth metal oxide nanoparticles. 
     
     
         73 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 72 , wherein the washcoat layer is configured to adsorb NO x  gasses during a lean burn. 
     
     
         74 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 73 , wherein the washcoat layer is configured to desorb NO x  gasses during a rich-purge cycle. 
     
     
         75 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 74 , wherein the oxygen-storage particles are about 100 g/l to about 400 g/l of the washcoat layer solids. 
     
     
         76 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 75 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are about 20 g/l to about 100 g/l of the washcoat layer solids. 
     
     
         77 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 76 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is about 10 g/l to about 60 g/l of the washcoat layer solids. 
     
     
         78 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 77 , wherein the platinum group metal is about 0.2 g/l to about 5 g/l of the washcoat layer solids. 
     
     
         79 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 78 , wherein the washcoat layer further comprises aluminum oxide. 
     
     
         80 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 79 , wherein the aluminum oxide is derived from boehmite. 
     
     
         81 . The coated substrate, NO x  storage washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  28 - 34 ,  37 - 80 , wherein the washcoat layer comprises about 10 g/l to about 30 g/l aluminum oxide. 
     
     
         82 . A coated substrate comprising a substrate coated with the NO x  storage washcoat composition according to any one of  claims 10 - 28  and  51 - 81 . 
     
     
         83 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  29 - 34 , and  51 - 82 , wherein the coated substrate further comprises a reducing washcoat layer. 
     
     
         84 . The method of any one of  claims 36 - 69  and  73 - 81 , further comprising:
 coating the substrate with a reducing washcoat slurry; and 
 calcining the substrate, thereby producing a reducing washcoat layer. 
 
     
     
         85 . The method of  claim 84 , wherein the reducing washcoat layer is produced prior to coating the substrate with the NO x  storage washcoat composition. 
     
     
         86 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 83 - 85 , wherein the reducing washcoat layer comprises a plurality of reducing micron-sized catalytic particles, the reducing micron-sized catalytic particles comprising a plurality of reducing composite nanoparticles covalently bound to a reducing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         87 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 86 , wherein the reducing composite nanoparticles are bonded to the reducing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         88 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 86 , wherein the reducing composite nanoparticles are embedded within the reducing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         89 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 86 - 88 , wherein the reducing composite nanoparticles comprise a reducing catalytic nanoparticle and a support nanoparticle. 
     
     
         90 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 86 - 89 , wherein the reducing composite nanoparticles comprise rhodium. 
     
     
         91 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 89  or  90 , wherein the reducing catalytic nanoparticle comprises rhodium. 
     
     
         92 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 89 - 91 , wherein the support nanoparticle comprises cerium oxide. 
     
     
         93 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 86 - 92 , wherein the reducing catalyst carrier particle comprises a metal oxide. 
     
     
         94 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 86 - 93 , wherein the reducing catalyst carrier particle comprises cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         95 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 86 - 94 , wherein the reducing catalyst carrier particle comprises cerium oxide. 
     
     
         96 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 83 - 95 , wherein the reducing washcoat layer further comprises porous alumina particles. 
     
     
         97 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 83 - 96 , wherein the reducing washcoat layer further comprises aluminum oxide derived from boehmite. 
     
     
         98 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  29 - 34 , and  51 - 83 , and  86 - 97 , further comprising an oxidizing washcoat layer. 
     
     
         99 . The method of any one of  claims 36 - 69 ,  73 - 81 , and  84 - 97 , further comprising:
 coating the substrate with an oxidizing washcoat slurry; and   calcining the substrate, thereby producing a oxidizing washcoat layer.   
     
     
         100 . The method of  claim 99 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat layer is produced prior to coating the substrate with the NO x  storage washcoat slurry. 
     
     
         101 . The method of  claim 99  or  100 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat slurry further comprises boehmite. 
     
     
         102 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 98 - 102 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat layer comprises a plurality of micron-sized oxidizing catalytic particles, the micron-sized oxidizing catalytic particles comprising a plurality of oxidizing composite nanoparticles covalently bound to an oxidizing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         103 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 102 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles are bonded to the oxidizing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         104 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 102 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles are embedded within the oxidizing catalyst carrier particles. 
     
     
         105 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 102 - 104 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles comprise an oxidizing catalytic nanoparticle and a support nanoparticle. 
     
     
         106 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 102 - 105 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles comprise one or more platinum group metals. 
     
     
         107 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 102 - 106 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles comprise platinum or palladium. 
     
     
         108 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 105 - 107 , wherein the support nanoparticles comprise a metal oxide. 
     
     
         109 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 105 - 108 , wherein the support nanoparticles comprise aluminum oxide. 
     
     
         110 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 102 - 109 , wherein the oxidizing catalyst carrier particle comprises aluminum oxide. 
     
     
         111 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 98 - 110 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat layer further comprises porous alumina particles. 
     
     
         112 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 111 , wherein an alkaline earth metal oxide is covalently bound to the alumina particles. 
     
     
         113 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 112 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is barium oxide. 
     
     
         114 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 98 - 113 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat layer further comprises aluminum oxide derived from boehmite. 
     
     
         115 . A coated substrate produced by the method according to any one of  claims 36 - 69 ,  73 - 81 ,  84 - 97  and  99 - 114 . 
     
     
         116 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  29 - 34 , and  36 - 115 , wherein the coated substrate demonstrates a NO x  slip of 75 ppm or less when treated with exhaust gas comprising about 100 ppm NO x  under lean-burn conditions for about 1000 seconds. 
     
     
         117 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  29 - 34 , and  36 - 116 , wherein the coated substrate has a platinum group metal loading of about 2.0 g/l or less. 
     
     
         118 . A catalytic converter comprising the coated substrate of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  55 - 83 ,  86 - 98 , and  102 - 117 . 
     
     
         119 . An exhaust treatment system comprising a conduit for exhaust gas and a catalytic converter according to  claim 118 . 
     
     
         120 . A vehicle comprising a catalytic converter according to  claim 118 . 
     
     
         121 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 29 - 34 ,  55 - 81 ,  83 ,  86 - 98 ,  102 - 117 , and  120 , wherein the vehicle complies with the Euro 6 emissions requirements. 
     
     
         122 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 29 - 34 ,  55 - 81 ,  83 ,  86 - 98 ,  102 - 117 ,  120 , and  121 , wherein the vehicle displays NO x  emissions of 180 mg/km or less. 
     
     
         123 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 29 - 34 ,  55 - 81 ,  83 ,  86 - 98 ,  102 - 117 , and  120 - 122 , wherein the vehicle complies with the Euro 6 emissions requirements during a lean-burn engine cycle. 
     
     
         124 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 29 - 34 ,  55 - 81 ,  83 ,  86 - 98 ,  102 - 117 , and  120 - 123 , wherein the vehicle displays NO x  emissions of 180 mg/km or less during a lean-burn engine cycle. 
     
     
         125 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 29 - 34 ,  55 - 81 ,  83 ,  86 - 98 ,  102 - 117 , and  120 - 124 , wherein the vehicle comprises a gasoline engine. 
     
     
         126 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 29 - 34 ,  55 - 81 ,  83 ,  86 - 98 ,  102 - 117  and  120 - 124 , wherein the vehicle comprises a diesel engine. 
     
     
         127 . A method of treating exhaust gas, comprising contacting the coated substrate of any one of  claims 1 - 9 ,  55 - 83 ,  86 - 98 , and  102 - 117  with the exhaust gas. 
     
     
         128 . The method according to  claim 127 , wherein the coated substrate is housed within a catalytic converter configured to receive exhaust gas. 
     
     
         129 . A coated substrate comprising:
 a substrate; and   a washcoat layer comprising:
 micron-sized particles, the micron-sized particles comprising:
 a carrier, and 
 a plurality of composite nanoparticles attached to the carrier, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle; and 
 
 an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
   
     
     
         130 . The coated substrate of  claim 129 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is attached to the carrier. 
     
     
         131 . The coated substrate of  claim 129  or  130 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is not attached to the carrier. 
     
     
         132 . The coated substrate of any one of  claims 129 - 131 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are bonded to the carrier. 
     
     
         133 . The coated substrate of any one of  claims 129 - 132 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are embedded within the carrier. 
     
     
         134 . The coated substrate of any one of  claims 129 - 133 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is barium oxide. 
     
     
         135 . A washcoat composition comprising:
 micron-sized particles, the micron-sized particles comprising:
 a carrier, and 
 a plurality of composite nanoparticles attached to the carrier, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle; and 
   an alkaline earth metal salt in solution.   
     
     
         136 . The washcoat composition of  claim 135 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal salt is deposited onto the micron-sized carrier particles. 
     
     
         137 . The washcoat composition of  claim 135  or  136 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal salt is not deposited onto the micron-sized carrier particles. 
     
     
         138 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 135 - 137 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. 
     
     
         139 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 135 - 138 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is barium acetate. 
     
     
         140 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 135 - 139 , wherein the washcoat composition is calcined, thereby converting the alkaline earth metal salt into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         141 . A washcoat composition comprising:
 micron-sized particles, the micron-sized particles comprising:
 a carrier, and 
 a plurality of composite nanoparticles attached to the carrier, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle; and 
   an alkaline earth metal oxide.   
     
     
         142 . The washcoat composition of  claim 140 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is attached to the micron-sized carrier particles. 
     
     
         143 . The washcoat composition of  claim 140  or  141 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is not attached to the micron-sized carrier particles. 
     
     
         144 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 140 - 143 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are bonded to the micron-sized carrier particle. 
     
     
         145 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 140 - 144 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are embedded within the carrier. 
     
     
         146 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 139 - 144 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is barium oxide. 
     
     
         147 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 135 - 146 , further comprising a thickening agent. 
     
     
         148 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 135 - 147 , wherein the washcoat composition further comprises boehmite. 
     
     
         149 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 135 - 148 , wherein an alkaline earth metal oxide makes up about 5% to about 15% of the washcoat composition solids. 
     
     
         150 . The washcoat composition of any one of  claims 135 - 149 , wherein the washcoat composition is coated on a substrate. 
     
     
         151 . The washcoat composition according to  claim 150 , wherein the washcoat composition is a washcoat layer. 
     
     
         152 . A vehicle comprising a coated substrate, the coated substrate comprising:
 a substrate; and   a washcoat layer comprising
 micron-sized particles, the micron-sized particles comprising: 
 a carrier, and 
 a plurality of composite nanoparticles attached to the carrier, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle; and 
 an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
   
     
     
         153 . The vehicle of  claim 152 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is attached to the carrier. 
     
     
         154 . The vehicle of  claim 152  or  153 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal oxide is not attached to the carrier. 
     
     
         155 . The vehicle of any one of  claims 152 - 154 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are bonded to the carrier. 
     
     
         156 . The vehicle of any one of  claims 152 - 154 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are embedded within the carrier. 
     
     
         157 . The vehicle of any one of  claims 152 - 156 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is barium oxide. 
     
     
         158 . A method of forming a washcoat composition comprising:
 combining an alkaline earth metal salt solution and a plurality of micron-sized particles, the plurality of micron-sized particles comprising:
 a carrier; and 
 a plurality of composite nanoparticles attached to the carrier, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle. 
   
     
     
         159 . The method of  claim 158 , further comprising dissolving an alkaline earth metal salt to form the alkaline earth metal salt solution. 
     
     
         160 . The method of  claim 158  or  159 , further comprising calcining the washcoat composition. 
     
     
         161 . The method of  claim 160 , wherein calcining the washcoat composition converts the alkaline earth metal salt into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         162 . A method of forming a coated substrate comprising:
 combining an alkaline earth metal salt solution and a plurality of micron-sized particles, the plurality of micron-sized particles comprising:
 a carrier; and 
 a plurality of composite nanoparticles attached to the carrier, the composite nanoparticle comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle, coating a substrate with the washcoat composition. 
   
     
     
         163 . The method of  claim 162 , further comprising dissolving an alkaline earth metal salt to form the alkaline earth metal salt solution. 
     
     
         164 . The method according to  claim 162  or  163 , further comprising calcining the coated substrate. 
     
     
         165 . The method of  claim 164 , wherein calcining the coated substrate converts the alkaline earth metal salt into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         166 . The method of any one of  claims 158 - 165 , wherein the combining step occurs in solution. 
     
     
         167 . The method of  claim 166 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is dissolved in solution. 
     
     
         168 . The method of any one of  claims 158 - 167 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal salt is deposited onto the micron-sized carrier particles. 
     
     
         169 . The method of any one of  claims 158 - 168 , wherein a portion of the alkaline earth metal salt is not deposited onto the micron-sized carrier particles. 
     
     
         170 . The method of any one of  claims 158 - 169 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are bonded to the carrier. 
     
     
         171 . The method of any one of  claims 158 - 169 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are embedded within the carrier. 
     
     
         172 . The method of any one of  claims 158 - 171 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. 
     
     
         173 . The method of any one of  claims 158 - 172 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is barium acetate. 
     
     
         174 . The method of any one of  claims 158 - 173 , further comprising combining boehmite with the alkaline earth metal salt and the micron-sized particles. 
     
     
         175 . A micron-sized particle for storing NO x  gases comprising:
 a micron-sized carrier particle;   a plurality of composite nanoparticles attached to the micron-sized carrier particle, the composite nanoparticles comprising a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle; and   an alkaline earth metal oxide attached to the micron-sized carrier particle.   
     
     
         176 . The micron-sized particle of  claim 175 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are bonded to the micron-sized carrier particle. 
     
     
         177 . The micron-sized particle of  claim 175 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are embedded within the micron-sized carrier particle. 
     
     
         178 . The micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 175 - 177 , wherein the micron-sized carrier particle comprises a metal oxide. 
     
     
         179 . The micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 175 - 178 , wherein the micron-sized carrier particle is porous. 
     
     
         180 . The micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 175 - 179 , wherein the micron-sized carrier particle comprises one or more of cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         181 . The micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 175 - 180 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide comprises about 1% to about 20% by mass of the micron-sized catalytic particle. 
     
     
         182 . The micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 175 - 181 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is attached to the micron-sized carrier particle by depositing an alkaline earth metal salt from solution onto the micron-sized carrier particle and allowing the alkaline earth metal salt to convert into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         183 . A method of producing micron-sized particles for storing NO x  gases comprising:
 suspending composite catalytic nanoparticles, wherein the composite catalytic nanoparticles comprise a catalytic nanoparticle bonded to a support nanoparticle;   depositing the composite catalytic nanoparticles onto micron-sized carrier particles;   depositing an alkaline earth metal salt onto the micron-sized carrier particles; and   calcining the micron-sized carrier particles.   
     
     
         184 . The method of  claim 183 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is in a solution. 
     
     
         185 . The method of  claim 183  or  184 , wherein calcining bonds the composite nanoparticles to the micron-sized particles. 
     
     
         186 . The method of  claim 183  or  185 , wherein the micron-sized carrier particles are porous. 
     
     
         187 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 186 , wherein the micron-sized carrier particles comprise a metal oxide. 
     
     
         188 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 187 , wherein the micron-sized carrier particles comprise a cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         189 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 188 , wherein the calcining step converts the alkaline earth metal salt into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         190 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 189 , wherein the calcining step bonds the composite catalytic nanoparticles to the micron-sized carrier particle. 
     
     
         191 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 190 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is deposited onto the micron-sized carrier particles before the composite catalytic nanoparticles are deposited onto the micron-sized carrier particles. 
     
     
         192 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 190 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is deposited onto the micron-sized carrier particles after the composite catalytic nanoparticles are deposited onto the micron-sized carrier particles. 
     
     
         193 . A method of producing micron-sized particles for storing NO x  gases comprising:
 combining a plurality of composite nanoparticles with a fluid comprising a carrier precursor, wherein the composite nanoparticles comprise a support nanoparticle and a catalytic nanoparticle;   solidifying the carrier precursor to form a solidified carrier, wherein the carrier forms around the composite nanoparticles;   calcining the solidified carrier;   micron-sizing the solidified carrier;   depositing an alkaline earth metal salt; and   converting the alkaline earth metal salts to an alkaline earth metal oxide.   
     
     
         194 . The method of  claim 193 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is deposited from solution. 
     
     
         195 . The method of  claim 193  or  194 , further comprising dissolving the alkaline earth metal salt in solution. 
     
     
         196 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 195 , further comprising suspending the composite nanoparticles prior to the combining step. 
     
     
         197 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 196 , wherein the carrier precursor is solidified by polymerization. 
     
     
         198 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 197 , wherein the carrier precursor is solidified by precipitation and the composite catalytic nanoparticles co-precipitate with the solidified carrier. 
     
     
         199 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 198 , wherein the carrier precursor comprises a combustible component and a non-combustible component. 
     
     
         200 . The method of claim any one of  claims 193 - 199 , wherein the carrier precursor comprises resorcinol or amorphous carbon. 
     
     
         201 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 200 , wherein the carrier precursor comprises a metal salt. 
     
     
         202 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 201 , wherein the carrier precursor comprises a cerium salt, a zirconium salt, a lanthanum salt, or a yttrium salt. 
     
     
         203 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 202 , wherein the carrier precursor comprises cerium chloride, cerium nitrate, or cerium acetate. 
     
     
         204 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 203 , further comprising drying the solidified carrier prior to calcining the solidified carrier. 
     
     
         205 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 204 , wherein the solidified carrier comprises a combustible component and a non-combustible component. 
     
     
         206 . The method of  claim 205 , wherein the combustible component of the solidified carrier comprises amorphous carbon or polymerized resorcinol. 
     
     
         207 . The method of  claim 205  or  206 , wherein the non-combustible component of the solidified carrier comprises a metal oxide. 
     
     
         208 . The method of any one of  claims 205 - 207 , wherein the non-combustible component of the solidified carrier comprises cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         209 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 208 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are embedded within the solidified carrier. 
     
     
         210 . The method of any one of  claims 205 - 209 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are embedded within the non-combustible component of the solidified carrier. 
     
     
         211 . The method of any one of  claims 200 - 210 , wherein the calcining step combusts the combustible component. 
     
     
         212 . The method of  claim 211 , wherein the combustible component is exhausted. 
     
     
         213 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 212 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is deposited prior to the solidified carrier being calcined. 
     
     
         214 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 213 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt solution is applied prior to solidifying the carrier precursor. 
     
     
         215 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 213 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt solution is applied after the solidified carrier is micron-sized. 
     
     
         216 . The method of any one of  claims 193 - 215 , wherein the calcining step converts the alkaline earth metal salt into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         217 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 192  and  196 - 216 , wherein suspending the composite catalytic nanoparticles forms a composite catalytic nanoparticle suspension. 
     
     
         218 . The method of  claim 217 , wherein the composite catalytic nanoparticle suspension comprises water or ethanol. 
     
     
         219 . The method of  claim 217  or  218 , wherein a surfactant or a dispersant is added to the composite nanoparticle suspension. 
     
     
         220 . The method of any one of  claims 217 - 219 , wherein the composite catalytic nanoparticle suspension is sonicated. 
     
     
         221 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 220 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is dissolved in a solution comprising water. 
     
     
         222 . The method of any one of  claims 183 - 221 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. 
     
     
         223 . The method of  claim 222 , wherein the barium salt is barium acetate. 
     
     
         224 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 129 - 174 , wherein the carrier is porous. 
     
     
         225 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 129 - 174  and  224 , wherein the carrier comprises a metal oxide. 
     
     
         226 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 129 - 174 ,  224  and  225 , wherein the carrier comprises cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         227 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, method, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 226 , wherein the composite nanoparticles are plasma generated. 
     
     
         228 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, method, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 227 , wherein the catalytic nanoparticle comprises one or more platinum group metals. 
     
     
         229 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, method, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 228 , wherein the catalytic nanoparticle comprises platinum or palladium. 
     
     
         230 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, method, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 229 , wherein the catalytic nanoparticle comprises platinum and palladium. 
     
     
         231 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, method, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 230 , wherein the catalytic nanoparticle comprises platinum and palladium of a ratio of about 1:2 platinum:palladium to about 25:1 platinum:palladium. 
     
     
         232 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, method, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 231 , wherein the support nanoparticle comprises a metal oxide. 
     
     
         233 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, method, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 232 , wherein the support nanoparticle comprises cerium oxide. 
     
     
         234 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, method, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 233 , wherein the composite nanoparticles comprise about 0.01 wt % to about 60 wt % platinum group metal and about 40 wt % to about 99.99 wt % metal oxide. 
     
     
         235 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 234 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is barium oxide. 
     
     
         236 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, or vehicle of any one of  claims 129 - 174  and  224 - 235 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is attached to the carrier by depositing an alkaline earth metal salt from a solution onto the carrier and allowing the alkaline earth metal salt to convert into an alkaline earth metal oxide. 
     
     
         237 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, or vehicle of  claim 236 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is a barium salt. 
     
     
         238 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, or vehicle of  claim 236  or  237 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salt is barium acetate. 
     
     
         239 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 134 ,  140 - 157 ,  175 - 181 , and  224 - 238 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is comprised in a plurality of alkaline earth metal oxide nanoparticles. 
     
     
         240 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, vehicle, or micron-sized particle of any one of  claims 129 - 134 ,  140 - 157 ,  175 - 181 , and  224 - 239 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide is comprised in a plurality of nanoparticles bound to support nanoparticles, forming a plurality of alkaline earth metal oxide composite nanoparticles. 
     
     
         241 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, or vehicle of  claim 239  or  240 , wherein the alkaline earth metal nanoparticles or alkaline earth metal oxide composite nanoparticles are bonded to the carrier. 
     
     
         242 . The coated substrate, washcoat composition, or vehicle of  claim 239  or  240 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide nanoparticles or alkaline earth metal oxide composite nanoparticles are embedded within the carrier. 
     
     
         243 . The micron-sized particle of  claim 239  or  240 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide nanoparticles are bonded to the micron-sized carrier particle. 
     
     
         244 . The micron-sized particle of  claim 239  or  240 , wherein the alkaline earth metal oxide nanoparticles are embedded within the micron-sized carrier particle. 
     
     
         245 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 129 - 134   152 - 157 , and  224 - 242 , wherein the washcoat layer is configured to adsorb NO x  gases during a lean burn. 
     
     
         246 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 129 - 134   152 - 157 ,  224 - 242  and  245 , wherein the washcoat layer is configured to desorb NO x  gases during a rich-purge cycle. 
     
     
         247 . The washcoat composition or method of any one of  claims 135 - 151 ,  158 - 174 , and  224 - 242 , wherein the washcoat composition is configured to adsorb NO x  gases during a lean burn. 
     
     
         248 . The washcoat composition or method of any one of  claims 135 - 151 ,  158 - 174 ,  224 - 242 , and  247 , wherein the washcoat composition is configured to desorb NO x  gases during a rich-purge cycle. 
     
     
         249 . The micron-sized catalytic particle of any one of  claims 175 - 223 ,  228 - 235 ,  239 ,  240 ,  243 , and  244 , wherein the particle is configured to adsorb NO x  gases during a lean burn. 
     
     
         250 . The micron-sized catalytic particle of any one of  claims 175 - 223 ,  228 - 235 ,  239 ,  240 ,  243 ,  244 , and  249 , wherein the particle is configured to desorb NO x  gases during a rich-purge cycle. 
     
     
         251 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 129 - 134   152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 , and  246 , wherein the micron-sized particles are about 10% to about 100% by weight of the washcoat layer solids. 
     
     
         252 . The washcoat composition or method of any one of  claims 135 - 151 ,  158 - 174 ,  224 - 242 ,  247 , and  248 , wherein the micron-sized catalytic particles make up about 10% to about 100% of the washcoat composition solids. 
     
     
         253 . The method or washcoat composition of any one of  claims 135 - 151 ,  158 - 174 ,  224 - 242 ,  247 ,  248 , and  252 , wherein the alkaline earth metal salts comprises about 5% to about 15% by weight of the washcoat composition solids. 
     
     
         254 . A washcoat composition formed by any one of methods 158-161, 168-174, and 224-236. 
     
     
         255 . A washcoat composition comprising a plurality of micron-sized catalytic particle according to any one of  claims 175 - 182 ,  243 ,  244 ,  249 , and  250 . 
     
     
         256 . The washcoat composition of  claim 255 , wherein the washcoat composition is coated onto a substrate. 
     
     
         257 . The washcoat composition of  claim 256 , wherein the coated substrate has been calcined. 
     
     
         258 . A coated substrate comprising a substrate coated with the washcoat composition according to any one of  claims 135 - 151 ,  158 - 174 ,  224 - 242 ,  247 ,  248 , and  252 - 257 . 
     
     
         259 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 129 - 134 ,  152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  251 , and  258 , wherein the coated substrate further comprises a reducing washcoat layer. 
     
     
         260 . The method of any one of  claims 162 - 174 ,  224 - 236 ,  252 , and  253 , further comprising coating the substrate with a reducing washcoat composition. 
     
     
         261 . The method of  claim 260 , further comprising calcining the substrate coated with the reducing washcoat composition. 
     
     
         262 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 259 - 261 , wherein the reducing washcoat layer or washcoat composition comprises a plurality of reducing micron-sized catalytic particles, the reducing micron-sized catalytic particles comprising a plurality of reducing composite nanoparticles attached to a reducing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         263 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 262 , wherein the reducing composite nanoparticles are bonded to the reducing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         264 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 263 , wherein the reducing composite nanoparticles are embedded within the reducing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         265 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 262 - 264 , wherein the reducing composite nanoparticles comprise a reducing catalytic nanoparticle and a support nanoparticle. 
     
     
         266 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 262 - 265 , wherein the reducing composite nanoparticles comprise rhodium. 
     
     
         267 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 265  or  266 , wherein the support nanoparticle comprises cerium oxide. 
     
     
         268 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 262 - 267 , wherein the reducing catalyst carrier particle comprises a metal oxide. 
     
     
         269 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 262 - 268 , wherein the reducing catalyst carrier particle comprises cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, or yttrium oxide. 
     
     
         270 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 262 - 269 , wherein the reducing catalyst carrier particle comprises cerium oxide. 
     
     
         271 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of one of  claims 259 - 270 , wherein the reducing washcoat layer or reducing washcoat composition further comprises porous alumina particles. 
     
     
         272 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 259 - 271 , wherein the reducing washcoat layer or reducing washcoat composition further comprises aluminum oxide derived from boehmite. 
     
     
         273 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 129 - 134 ,  152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  251 ,  258 ,  259 , and  262 - 272 , further comprising an oxidizing washcoat layer. 
     
     
         274 . The method of any one of  claims 162 - 174 ,  224 - 236 ,  252 ,  253 , and  261 - 272 , further comprising coating the substrate with an oxidizing washcoat composition. 
     
     
         275 . The method of  claim 274 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat composition further comprises boehmite. 
     
     
         276 . The method of  claim 274  or  275 , further comprising calcining the substrate coated with the oxidizing washcoat composition. 
     
     
         277 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 273 - 276 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat layer or oxidizing washcoat composition comprises a plurality of micron-sized oxidizing catalytic particles, the micron-sized oxidizing catalytic particles comprising a plurality of oxidizing composite nanoparticles attached to an oxidizing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         278 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 277 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles are bonded to the oxidizing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         279 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method according to  claim 277 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles are embedded within the oxidizing catalyst carrier particle. 
     
     
         280 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 277 - 279 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles comprise an oxidizing catalytic nanoparticle and a support nanoparticle. 
     
     
         281 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 277 - 280 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles comprise one or more platinum group metals. 
     
     
         282 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 277 - 281 , wherein the oxidizing composite nanoparticles comprise platinum or palladium. 
     
     
         283 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 280 - 282 , wherein the support nanoparticles comprise a metal oxide. 
     
     
         284 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 280 - 283 , wherein the support nanoparticles comprise aluminum oxide. 
     
     
         285 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 277 - 284 , wherein the oxidizing catalyst carrier particle comprises aluminum oxide. 
     
     
         286 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of any one of  claims 273 - 285 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat layer or oxidizing washcoat composition further comprises porous alumina particles. 
     
     
         287 . The coated substrate, vehicle, or method of  claim 286 , wherein an alkaline earth metal oxide is attached to the alumina particles. 
     
     
         288 . The coated substrate, vehicle or method of any one of  claims 273 - 287 , wherein the oxidizing washcoat layer or oxidizing washcoat composition further comprises aluminum oxide derived from boehmite. 
     
     
         289 . A coated substrate formed by any one of methods of  claims 162 - 174 ,  224 - 236 ,  252 ,  253 , and  261 - 288 . 
     
     
         290 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 129 - 134 ,  152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  251 ,  258 ,  259 ,  262 - 272 , and  277 - 289 , wherein the coated substrate demonstrates a NO x  slip of 75 ppm or less when treated with exhaust gas comprising about 100 ppm NO x  under lean-burn conditions for about 1000 seconds. 
     
     
         291 . The coated substrate or vehicle of any one of  claims 129 - 134 ,  152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  251 ,  258 ,  259 ,  262 - 272 , and  277 - 290 , wherein the coated substrate has a platinum group metal loading of about 2.0 g/l or less. 
     
     
         292 . A catalytic converter comprising the coated substrate of any one of  claims 129 - 134 ,  152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  251 ,  258 ,  259 ,  262 - 272 , and  277 - 291 . 
     
     
         293 . An exhaust treatment system comprising a conduit for exhaust gas and a catalytic converter according to  claim 292 . 
     
     
         294 . A method of treating exhaust gas, comprising contacting the coated substrate of any one of  claims 129 - 134 ,  152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  251 ,  258 ,  259 ,  262 - 272 , and  277 - 291  with the exhaust gas. 
     
     
         295 . The method of  claim 294 , wherein the coated substrate is housed within a catalytic converter configured to receive exhaust gas. 
     
     
         296 . A vehicle comprising a catalytic converter according to  claim 292 . 
     
     
         297 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  259 ,  262 - 273 ,  277 - 288 , and  296 , wherein the vehicle complies with the Euro 6 emissions requirements. 
     
     
         298 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  259 ,  262 - 273 ,  277 - 288 ,  296 , and  297 , wherein the vehicle displays NO x  emissions of 180 mg/km or less. 
     
     
         299 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  259 ,  262 - 273 ,  277 - 288 , and  296 - 298 , wherein the vehicle complies with the Euro 6 emissions requirements during a lean-burn engine cycle. 
     
     
         300 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  259 ,  262 - 273 ,  277 - 288 , and  296 - 299 , wherein the vehicle displays NO x  emissions of 180 mg/km or less during a lean-burn engine cycle. 
     
     
         301 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  259 ,  262 - 273 ,  277 - 288 , and  296 - 300 , wherein the vehicle comprises a gasoline engine. 
     
     
         302 . The vehicle according to any one of  claims 152 - 157 ,  224 - 242 ,  245 ,  246 ,  259 ,  262 - 273 ,  277 - 288 , and  296 - 300 , wherein the vehicle comprises a diesel engine.