Integrated energy and power device

Abstract

A lithium ion energy and power system including: a housing containing: at least three electrodes including: at least one first electrode including a cathodic faradaic energy storage material; at least one second electrode including an anodic faradaic energy storage material; and at least one third electrode including a cathodic non-faradaic energy storage material, wherein the at least one first, second, and third electrodes are adjacent as defined herein, and the at least one second electrode is electrically isolated from the electrically coupled at least one first electrode and the at least one third electrode; a separator between the electrodes; and a liquid electrolyte between the electrodes. Also disclosed is a method of making and using the disclosed lithium ion energy and power system.

1 . A lithium ion energy and power system comprising:
 a housing containing:
 at least four electrodes comprising:
 at least one first electrode comprising a cathodic faradaic energy storage material; 
 at least one second electrode comprising an anodic faradaic energy storage material; 
 at least one third electrode comprising a cathodic non-faradaic energy storage material; and 
 at least one fourth electrode comprising a second anodic faradaic energy storage material. 
 
   
     
     
         2 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the cathodic faradaic energy storage material in the first electrode comprises a lithium transition metal complex, the anodic faradaic energy storage material in the second electrode comprises an intercalating hard carbon or graphite having a low surface area of from 1 to 500 m 2 /g, and the cathodic non-faradaic energy storage material in the third electrode comprises a carbon having a high surface area of from 800 to 3000 m 2 /g. 
     
     
         3 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein:
 the cathodic faradaic energy storage material is a lithium transition metal complex selected from the group of: LiCoO 2 , LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , LiNiMnCoO 2 , LiNiCoAlO 2 , or a mixture thereof;   the anodic faradaic energy storage material is selected from the group of: silicon nanoparticles; porous silicon; tin nanoparticles; graphene; a vanadium oxide sourced compound; a carbon nanotube; a titanium oxide sourced compound; germanium; antimony; a graphite carbon; a hard carbon; or a mixture of thereof; and   the cathodic non-faradaic energy storage material is selected from the group of: activated carbon having a surface area of from 800 to 3000 m 2 /gm and the activated carbon is from 51 to 100 wt % of the total active material in at least one third electrode; a mixture of activated carbon and graphite; a mixture of activated carbon and a hard carbon; or a mixture thereof.   
     
     
         4 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the cathodic faradaic energy storage material, the cathodic non-faradaic energy storage material, and the anodic faradaic energy storage material comprise components that have a relative spatial relation represented by an least one or the formulas (I), (II), or (III):
   C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/CSC′/S\A\S/C′  (I);
     C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/CSC′/S \A\S/C′  (II);
     C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/C/S\A\S/CSC′/S\A\S/C′  (III),
   
       where “C” is a faradaic cathode, “C′” is a non-faradaic cathode, “/” is a single-side coat, “/C/” is a faradaic cathode coated on both sides, “S” is a separator, and “\A\” is a faradaic anode coated on both sides. 
     
     
         5 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein at least two of the at least four electrodes comprise a plurality of cathodic faradaic energy storage material electrodes and a plurality of cathodic non-faradaic energy storage material electrodes, where the ratio of the number of cathodic faradaic electrodes to the number of cathodic non-faradaic electrodes is from 0.01 to 50. 
     
     
         6 . The system of  claim 1 , further comprising an external connector for each electrode, or an external connector for each group of two or more identical electrodes. 
     
     
         7 . The system of  claim 6 , further comprising an external switch connected to each external connector for each electrode, or for each group of two or more identical electrodes. 
     
     
         8 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the anodic faradaic energy storage it is coated on a copper foil current collector, and the cathodic faradaic energy storage material and the cathodic non-faradaic energy storage material are each separately coated on an aluminum foil current collector. 
     
     
         9 . (canceled) 
     
     
         10 . (canceled) 
     
     
         11 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the at least four electrodes comprise:
 the at least one first electrode includes a lithium containing compound;   the at least one second electrode and the at least one fourth electrode each includes at least one of a hard carbon, a graphite, or a mixture thereof; and   the at least one third electrode includes an activated carbon having a high porosity of from 0.2 to 1.5 cm 3 /gm and a high surface area of from 800 to 3000 m 2 /g,   wherein the at least one first electrode is adjacent to the at least one second electrode, and the at least one third electrode is adjacent to the at least one fourth electrode.   
     
     
         12 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion energy component of the system has an energy density from 20 Wh/l to 500 Wh/l, and the power component of the system has a power of from 200 W/l to 20,000 W/l. 
     
     
         13 . An energy system having integral energy and power components, comprising:
 a single housing containing at least four electrodes comprising:
 at least one first electrode comprising a lithium transition metal compound; 
 at least one second electrode and at least one fourth electrode each comprising an un-activated carbon; and 
 at least one third electrode comprising an activated carbon. 
   
     
     
         14 . The system of  claim 13 , wherein the lithium transition metal compound comprises a lithium transition metal salt complex, the un-activated carbon comprises a carbon having a low surface area of from 1 to 500 m 2 /g, and the activated carbon comprises an activated carbon having a high surface area of from 800 to 3000 m 2 /g. 
     
     
         15 . The system of  claim 13 , further comprising a single electrolyte, wherein the single electrolyte comprises a salt selected from a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate compound or a LiPF 6  compound, and a non-aqueous solvent selected from at least one of: a nitrile, an alkyl ester, a sulfone, an ether a dialkyl carbonate, a dialkylene carbonate, a fluorinated dialkylene carbonate, or a mixture thereof. 
     
     
         16 - 18 . (canceled) 
     
     
         19 . A method of using the system of  claim 1 , comprising:
 charging, discharging, or charging and discharging the system as a battery;   charging, discharging, or charging and discharging the system as a capacitor;   or a combination thereof,   wherein the system is used in combination with at least one of: a vehicle, an electronic appliance, a consumer electronic device, a wind turbine, a wave-action turbine, a component of an electrical grid system, or a combination thereof.   
     
     
         20 . (canceled) 
     
     
         21 . The system of  claim 1 , wherein the at least one first electrode is adjacent to the at least one second electrode, the at least one third electrode is adjacent to the at least one second electrode, the at least one fourth electrode is adjacent to the at least one third electrode, and the at least one second electrode is electrically isolated from the at least one fourth electrode. 
     
     
         22 . The system of  claim 1 , further comprising a separator situated between each of the adjacent electrodes. 
     
     
         23 . The system of  claim 1 , further comprising a liquid electrolyte between each of the adjacent electrodes. 
     
     
         24 . The system of  claim 23  wherein the electrolyte is selected from at least one of: a LiPF 6  in a non-aqueous solvent; an onium salt and a non-aqueous solvent; or a combination thereof. 
     
     
         25 . The system of  claim 23  wherein the electrolyte comprises a quaternary ammonium cation and a tetrafluoroborate anion, and a non-aqueous solvent selected from at least one of: a nitrile, alkyl ester, a sulfone, an ether, a dialkyl carbonate, a dialkylene carbonate, fluorinated dialkylene carbonate, a or a mixture thereof. 
     
     
         26 . The system of  claim 13 , wherein the at least one first electrode is adjacent to the at least one second electrode, and the at least one third electrode is adjacent to and between the at least one second electrode and the at least one fourth electrode, and the un-activated carbon of at least one second electrode and at least one fourth electrode is electrically isolated.