Self-suspending proppants for hydraulic fracturing

Abstract

The present invention provides modified proppants, and methods for their manufacture. In embodiments, the modified proppant comprises a proppant particle and a hydrogel coating, wherein the hydrogel coating is applied to a surface of the proppant particle and localizes on the surface to produce the modified proppant. In embodiments, formulations are disclosed comprising the modified particles, and methods are disclosed for using the formulations.

1 . A modified proppant for propping open a fracture in a geological formation, the modified proppant comprising a proppant particle substrate and a coating of a hydrogel-forming polymer, wherein the coating has been formulated so that, during fluid transport of the modified proppant to a desired target location in the fracture, the hydrodynamic volume of the modified proppant is increased while premature release of the coating is simultaneously prevented so that the modified proppant can be directed to a desired target location in the fracture. 
     
     
         2 . The modified proppant of  claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel-forming polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamide with anionic and cationic comonomers, copolymers of acrylamide with hydrophobic comonomers, poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid) salts, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, guar gum, alginate, carrageenan, locust bean gum, carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar gum, hydrophobically associating swellable emulsion (HASE) polymers, latex polymers, and starches. 
     
     
         3 . The modified proppant of  claim 2 , wherein the hydrogel coating comprises a starch. 
     
     
         4 . The modified proppant of  claim 2 , wherein the hydrogel coating comprises a polyacrylamide. 
     
     
         5 . The modified proppant of  claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel coating comprises a cationic/anionic polymer pair comprising a cationic polymer and an anionic polymer. 
     
     
         6 . The modified proppant of  claim 5 , wherein the cationic polymer is selected from polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (poly-(DADMAC)), linear polyethylenimine (LPEI), branched polyethylenimine (BPEI), chitosan, and cationic polyacrylamide. 
     
     
         7 . The modified proppant of  claim 1 , wherein the substantially continuous film of hydrogel-forming polymer is crosslinked. 
     
     
         8 . The modified proppant of  claim 7 , wherein the substantially continuous film of hydrogel-forming polymer is crosslinked with a covalent crosslinker. 
     
     
         9 . The modified proppant of  claim 8 , wherein the covalent crosslinker comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of an epoxide, an anhydride, an aldehyde, a diisocyanate, and a carbodiamide. 
     
     
         10 . The modified proppant of  claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel coating further comprises an alcohol selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, propanol and ethanol. 
     
     
         11 . The modified proppant of  claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel-forming polymer is selected so that when 1 to 3 grams of the dried modified proppant is added to 100 ml of tap water in a 100 ml graduated cylinder and then inverted 8 times, the modified proppant exhibits a settling time which is about 2 to about 7 times the settling time of the proppant substrate particle. 
     
     
         12 . The modified proppant of  claim 1 , wherein 1 gram of the modified proppant when mixed with water in a 20 ml glass vial and allowed to sit undisturbed for 30 minutes exhibits an expanded settled bed height which is about 3 (2.7/0.8) to about 28 (22.9/0.8) times greater than the settled bed height of an otherwise identical proppant not modified with a hydrogel coating, 
     
     
         13 . A treatment fluid comprising an aqueous fracturing fluid and a mass of the modified proppant particles of  claim 1 . 
     
     
         14 . A method for fracturing a subterranean geological formation comprising introducing into the formation the treatment fluid of  claim 11 .