Solid phase microextraction coating

Abstract

The present disclosure provides an extraction coating for an SPME sampling instrument, where the extraction coating includes a sorptive material immobilized in a fluorocarbon polymer that is compatible with thermal-assisted desorption techniques, solvent-assisted desorption techniques, or both. The disclosure also provides SPME sampling instruments, methods of making an SPME sampling instrument, and methods of extracting an analyte from a sample matrix using the SPME coating.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coating comprising:
 a sorptive particulate material immobilized in a fluorocarbon polymer that comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).   
     
     
         2 . The SPME coating according to  claim 1 , wherein the fluorocarbon polymerconsists of PVDF. 
     
     
         3 . The SPME coating according  claim 1 , wherein the fluorocarbon polymer has carbon-fluorine (C—F) bonds and carbon-hydrogen (C—H) bonds, wherein fewer than 5% of all the C—F and C—H bonds in the fluorocarbon polymer are C—H bonds. 
     
     
         4 . The SPME coating according to  claim 1 , wherein the sorptive material is a porous material having meso-, macro-, or micro-pores. 
     
     
         5 . The SPME coating according to  claim 1 , wherein the sorptive material has a surface area of about 10 m 2 /g to about 3000 m 2 /g. 
     
     
         6 . The SPME coating according to  claim 5 , wherein the sorptive material has a surface area of about 200 m 2 /g to about 800 m 2 /g 
     
     
         7 . The SPME coating according to  claim 1 , wherein the sorptive material comprises particles, nanosheets, nanotubes, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         8 . The SPME coating according to  claim 7 , wherein the sorptive material is inorganic, organic, a hybrid inorganic/organic material, or a mixture of both inorganic and organic materials. 
     
     
         9 . The SPME coating according to  claim 1  wherein the sorptive material comprises: normal-phase silica particles, C-1/silica particles, C-4/silica particles, C-6/silica particles, C-8/silica particles, C-18/silica particles, C-30/silica particles, reverse-phase amide silica particles, HS-F5/silica particles, phenyl/silica particles, cyano/silica particles, diol/silica particles, ionic liquid/silica particles, molecular imprinted polymer particles, hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance (HLB) particles, carboxen 1006 particles, carbowax particles, divinylbenzene (DVB) particles, octadecylsilane particles, nanoparticles, processed mineral based particles, carbon nanotubes, functionalized-carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, functionalized-graphene, quantum dots, organic polymeric particles optionally functionalized with an organic moiety, inorganic polymeric particles optionally functionalized with an organic moiety, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         10 . The SPME coating according to  claim 9 , wherein the organic moiety is a carbon chain, a strong cation moiety, a weak cation moiety, a strong anion moiety, or a weak anion moiety. 
     
     
         11 . The SPME coating according to  claim 9 , wherein the sorptive material comprises hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance (HLB) particles, divinylbenzene (DVB) particles, C-18/silica particles, or any combination thereof. 
     
     
         12 . A solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) sample instrument comprising:
 a support; and   an extraction coating according to  claim 1  covering at least a portion of the support.   
     
     
         13 . The SPME sample instrument according to  claim 12 , wherein the support is a metal support, a metal alloy support, a fused silica support, a plastic support, a fluoro-plastic support, or a carbon material support. 
     
     
         14 . A method of making a solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) sample instrument, the method comprising:
 applying a mixture comprising vinylidene fluoride and a sorptive material on at least a portion of a support; and   curing the mixture to form a substantially uniform SPME coating layer on the support.   
     
     
         15 . A method of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) comprising:
 exposing the SPME coating according to  claim 1  to a sample matrix that comprises at least one analyte; and   desorbing the extracted analyte.   
     
     
         16 . The method according to  claim 15 , wherein the desorbing comprises exposing the SPME coating to: (i) a thermal-assisted desorption temperature, and the method optionally further comprises gas chromatography or direct coupling to a spectroscopic technique suitable for detection of a thermally stable analyte; (ii) a solvent-assisted desorption solvent, and the method optionally further comprises liquid chromatography, gas chromatograph, capillary electrophoresis, or any spectroscopic technique suitable for determination of a solvent stable analyte; or (iii) electrothermal vaporization, arc and spark ablation, laser ablation, glow discharge, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), or desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), and the method optionally further comprises a spectroscopic technique suitable for detection of the analyte. 
     
     
         17 . The method according to  claim 16 , wherein the thermal-assisted desorption temperature is a temperature up to 300° C. 
     
     
         18 . The method according to  claim 16 , wherein the spectroscopic technique suitable for detection of a thermally stable analyte is mass spectrometry. 
     
     
         19 . The method according to  claim 16 , wherein the spectroscopic technique suitable for detection of the analyte is gas chromatography or direct coupling to mass spectrometry.