Profile measurement for underground hydrocarbon storage caverns

Abstract

Underground storage caverns are widely used for the bulk storage of petroleum products, in particular, crude oil. The caverns are accessed through a casing in a borehole down to the cavern. The lower end of the casing opens into an upper region of the cavern termed the chimney. The chimney provides a transition from the casing into the cavern body. The invention presents a process of injecting a gas into the well while measuring the gas pressure and optionally measuring the volume of injected gas. The gas drives down an interface between the gas and hydrocarbon liquid. By monitoring the rate of change of the gas pressure, and detecting a sudden decrease in the rate of change, it can be determined when the interface has been driven down to the region immediately below the bottom of the casing at the upper end of the chimney.

1 . A method for use in a cavern storage well which has a casing that extends from the earth surface down to a chimney region that extends downward and opens into a cavern body wherein hydrocarbon liquid is stored in the cavern body above a liquid more dense than the hydrocarbon liquid, the method indicating when an interface between a gas and the hydrocarbon liquid is located at the top of said chimney a short distance below the lower end of said casing, comprising the steps of:
 injecting the gas into said casing at the earth surface at a constant rate of flow to drive the interface downward,   measuring the pressure of said gas in said casing at the earth surface to produce a series of gas pressure measurements (P1, P2, P3 . . . ) at a sequence of respective times (T1, T2, T3 . . . ),   producing a series of gas pressure rate of change values (ΔP1, ΔP2, . . . ) based on said gas pressure measurements and time intervals between said times for adjacent pairs of said gas pressure measurements (ΔP1=[P2−P1]/[T2−T1], ΔP2=[P3−P2]/[T3−T2] . . . ), and   comparing each of a group of said gas pressure rate of change values (ΔP1, ΔP2, . . . ) to a preceding one of said gas pressure rate of change values to detect when a gas pressure rate of change value is initially less than a predetermined percentage of said preceding one of said gas pressure rate of change values, thereby indicating that said interface is located within the top region of said chimney below the lower end of said casing between the times when said less than a predetermined percentage gas pressure rate of change value gas pressure measurements were made.   
     
     
         2 . The method recited in  claim 1  wherein said preceding one of said gas pressure rate of change value is the immediately preceding gas pressure rate of change value before said gas pressure rate of change value which was detected to have a value that is initially less than a predetermined percentage of a preceding gas pressure rate of change value. 
     
     
         3 . The method recited in  claim 1  wherein said preceding one of said gas pressure rate of change value is one of the preceding gas pressure rate of change values other than the immediately preceding gas pressure rate of change value before said pressure rate of change value which was detected to have a value that is initially less than a predetermined percentage of a preceding gas pressure rate of change value. 
     
     
         4 . The method recited in  claim 1  including the following steps for producing a profile of said chimney:
 after said interface has been located at the top region of said chimney below the lower end of said casing, further injecting said gas into said casing at said earth surface and measuring said gas pressure at the earth surface to produce a series of depth gas pressure measurements (Pd1, Pd2, Pd3, . . . ), 
 measuring the mass of said gas injected into said casing between each pair of depth gas pressure measurements, 
 determining a series of change in depth values (Δd1, Δd2, Δd3 . . . ), each depth value based on a gas pressure change value (ΔPd1, ΔPd2, . . . ) between two adjacent depth gas pressure measurements (ΔPd1=Pd2−Pd1, ΔPd2=Pd3−Pd2, . . . ) and a gradient (G pressure/distance) value of said hydrocarbon liquid, wherein the change in depth values are (Δd1=ΔPd1/G, Δd2=ΔPd2/G, . . . ), and 
 wherein a series of profile measurements of said chimney are produced, each said profile measurement defined by (1) a change in depth value and (2) a volume of gas caused by said mass of said gas injected into said casing between each pair of corresponding depth gas pressure measurements which define the change in depth value (1). 
 
     
     
         5 . The method recited in  claim 1  wherein said predetermined percentage is 50%. 
     
     
         6 . A method for use in a cavern storage well which has a casing that extends from the earth surface down to a chimney region that extends downward and opens into a cavern body wherein hydrocarbon liquid is stored in the cavern body above a liquid more dense than the hydrocarbon liquid, the method indicating when an interface of a gas with the hydrocarbon liquid is located at the top of said chimney a short distance below the lower end of said casing, comprising the steps of:
 injecting the gas into said casing at the earth surface at a constant rate of flow to drive said interface downward,   measuring the pressure of said gas in said casing at the earth surface to produce a series of gas pressure measurements (P1, P2, P3 . . . ) at a sequence of corresponding times (T1, T2, T3 . . . ),   producing a series of gas pressure rate of change values (ΔP1, ΔP2, . . . ) based on said gas pressure measurements and time intervals between said times for adjacent pairs of said gas pressure measurements (ΔP1=[P2−P1]/[T2−T1], ΔP2=[P3−P2]/[T3−T2] . . . ), and   comparing each of said gas pressure rate of change values (ΔP1, ΔP2, . . . ) to a running average value of a plurality of preceding ones of said gas pressure rate of change values to detect when a gas pressure rate of change value is initially less than a predetermined percentage of the running average value, thereby indicating that said interface is located within the top region of said chimney below the lower end of said casing between the times when said gas pressure measurements were made for the less than predetermined percentage gas pressure rate of change value.   
     
     
         7 . The method recited in  claim 6  including the following steps for producing a profile of said chimney:
 after said interface has been located at the top region of said chimney below the lower end of said casing, further injecting said gas into said casing at said earth surface and measuring said gas pressure at the earth surface to produce a series of depth gas pressure measurements (Pd1, Pd2, Pd3, . . . ), 
 measuring the mass of said gas injected into said casing between each pair of depth gas pressure measurements, 
 determining a series of change in depth values (Δd1, Δd2, Δd3 . . . ), each depth value based on a gas pressure change value (ΔPd1, ΔPd2, . . . ) between two adjacent depth gas pressure measurements (ΔPd1=Pd2−Pd1, ΔPd2=Pd3−Pd2, . . . ) and a gradient (G pressure/distance) value of said hydrocarbon liquid, wherein the change in depth values are (Δd1=ΔPd1/G, Δd2=ΔPd2/G, . . . ), and 
 wherein a series of profile measurements of said chimney are produced, each said profile measurement defined by (1) a change in depth value and (2) said mass of said gas injected into said casing between each pair of corresponding depth gas pressure measurements which define the change in depth value (1). 
 
     
     
         8 . The method recited in  claim 6  wherein said running average comprises seven of said gas pressure rate of change values. 
     
     
         9 . A method for use in a cavern storage well which has a casing that extends from an earth surface down to a chimney region that has a top region which is adjacent to a lower end of said casing, the chimney region extends downward and opens into a cavern body wherein hydrocarbon liquid is stored in the cavern body above a liquid more dense than the hydrocarbon liquid, the method indicating when an interface of gas, which has mass, with the hydrocarbon liquid is located at the top region of said chimney region a short distance below the lower end of said casing, comprising the steps of:
 injecting a gas, by application of pressure to the gas, into said casing at the earth surface to drive said interface downward,   measuring the volume of said gas injected into said casing to produce a series of gas volume measurements (V1, V2, V3 . . . ) at respective times (T1, T2, T3 . . . ),   measuring the pressure of said gas in said casing at the earth surface to produce a series of gas pressure measurements (P1, P2, P3 . . . ) at the times (T1, T2, T3, . . . ) with said gas volume measurements,   producing a series of gas pressure rate of change values (ΔP1, ΔP2, . . . ) based on said gas pressure measurements and said gas volume measurements wherein (ΔP1=[P2−P1]/[V2−V1], ΔP2=[P3−P2]/[V3−V2] . . . ), and   comparing each of said gas pressure rate of change values (ΔP1, ΔP2, . . . ) to a preceding one of said gas pressure rate of change values to detect when a one of said gas pressure rate of change values is initially less than a predetermined percentage of a preceding one of said gas pressure rate of change values, thereby indicating that said interface is located within the top region of said chimney region below the lower end of said casing between the times when the gas pressure measurements were made for said one gas pressure rate of change value that is initially less than said predetermined percentage of the one preceding gas pressure rate of change values.   
     
     
         10 . The method recited in  claim 9  wherein said gas volume measurements are based on measuring the mass of said gas injected into said casing. 
     
     
         11 . The method recited in  claim 9  including the following steps for producing a profile of said chimney:
 after said interface has been located at the top region said chimney region below the lower end of said casing, further injecting said gas into said casing at said earth surface and measuring said gas pressure at the earth surface to produce a series of depth gas pressure measurements (Pd1, Pd2, Pd3, . . . ), 
 measuring the mass of said gas injected into said casing between each pair of said depth gas pressure measurements, 
 determining a series of change in depth values (Δd1, Δd2, Δd3 . . . ), each depth value based on a gas pressure change value (ΔPd1, ΔPd2, . . . ) between two adjacent depth gas pressure measurements (ΔPd1=Pd2−Pd1, ΔPd2=Pd3−Pd2, . . . ) and a gradient (G pressure/distance) value of said hydrocarbon liquid, wherein the change in depth values are (Δd1=ΔPd1/G, Δd2=ΔPd2/G, . . . ), and 
 wherein a series of profile measurements of said chimney are produced, each said profile measurement defined by (1) a change in depth value and (2) a volume of gas caused by said mass of said gas injected into said casing between each pair of corresponding depth gas pressure measurements which define the change in depth value (1). 
 
     
     
         12 . The method recited in  claim 9  wherein said predetermined percentage is 50%. 
     
     
         13 . A method for use in a cavern storage well which has a casing that extends from the earth surface down to a chimney region that extends downward and opens into a cavern body wherein hydrocarbon liquid is stored in the cavern body above a liquid more dense than the hydrocarbon liquid, the method indicating when an interface of a gas with the hydrocarbon liquid is located at the top of said chimney a short distance below the lower end of said casing, comprising the steps of:
 injecting the gas into said casing at the earth surface to drive said interface downward,   measuring the volume of said gas injected into said casing to produce a series of gas volume measurements (V1, V2, V3 . . . ),   measuring the pressure of said gas in said casing at the earth surface to produce a series of gas pressure measurements (P1, P2, P3 . . . ) that correspond in time with said gas volume measurements,   producing a series of gas pressure rate of change values (ΔP1, ΔP2, . . . ) based on said gas pressure measurements and said gas volume measurements (ΔP1=[P2−P1]/[V2−V1], ΔP2=[P3−P2]/[V3−V2] . . . ), and   comparing each of said gas pressure rate of change values (ΔP1, ΔP2, . . . ) to a running average value of a plurality of preceding ones of said gas pressure rate of change values to detect when a gas pressure rate of change value is initially less than a predetermined percentage of the running average value, thereby indicating that said interface is located within the top region of said chimney below the lower end of said casing when said gas pressure measurements were made for the less than a predetermined percentage gas pressure rate of change value.   
     
     
         14 . The method recited in  claim 13  wherein said gas volume measurements are based on measuring the mass of said gas injected into said casing. 
     
     
         15 . The method recited in  claim 13  including the following steps for producing a profile of said chimney:
 after said interface has been located at the top region of said chimney below the lower end of said casing, further injecting said gas into said casing at said earth surface and measuring said gas pressure at the earth surface to produce a series of depth gas pressure measurements (Pd1, Pd2, Pd3, . . . ), 
 measuring the mass of said gas injected into said casing between each pair of depth gas pressure measurements, 
 determining a series of change in depth values (Δd1, Δd2, Δd3 . . . ), each depth value based on a gas pressure change value (ΔPd1, ΔPd2, . . . ) between two adjacent depth gas pressure measurements (ΔPd1=Pd2−Pd1, ΔPd2=Pd3−Pd2, . . . ) and a gradient (G pressure/distance) value of said hydrocarbon liquid, wherein the change in depth values are (Δd1=ΔPd1/G, Δd2=ΔPd2/G, . . . ), and 
 wherein a series of profile measurements of said chimney are produced, each said profile measurement defined by (1) a change in depth value and (2) a volume of gas caused by said mass of said gas injected into said casing between each pair of corresponding depth gas pressure measurements which define the change in depth value (1). 
 
     
     
         16 . The method recited in  claim 13  wherein said predetermined percentage is 50%. 
     
     
         17 . The method recited in  claim 13  wherein the plurality of preceding ones of said gas pressure rate of change values has seven values.