Systems and methods of generating electricity using heat from within the earth

Abstract

Systems and methods for producing energy from a geothermal formation. A heat exchanger can be disposed within a well to absorb heat from a geothermal formation. The heat exchanger can be supported within the well using a high thermal conductivity material. The heat exchanger is connected to an organic Rankine cycle engine including a secondary heat exchanger and a turbine. The primary and secondary heat transfer fluids are chosen to maximize efficiency of the organic Rankine cycle.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A geothermal energy system comprising:
 a primary heat exchanger positioned within a well, the well in contact with a geothermal feature and a heat carrier within the geothermal formation, the primary heat exchanger containing a first heat transfer fluid configured to absorb heat from the heat carrier in the primary heat exchanger;   a secondary heat exchanger in thermal communication with the primary heat exchanger, the secondary heat exchanger containing a second heat transfer fluid, wherein the first heat transfer fluid and the second heat transfer fluid are maintained separate from each other, and wherein the second heat transfer fluid has a flash point below that of water; and   a turbine in fluid communication with the secondary heat exchanger, wherein the second heat transfer fluid is vaporized in the secondary heat exchanger and the vaporized second heat transfer fluid is the working fluid in the turbine; and   a generator connected to the turbine, the generator configured to generate electricity based on movement of the turbine.   
     
     
         2 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger comprises a supply portion and a return portion, the supply portion comprising a shell in thermal communication with the geothermal feature, and wherein the return portion is concentrically located within the shell of the supply portion. 
     
     
         3 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 2 , wherein the return portion comprises a thermally insulated pipe, wherein the thermally insulated pipe is configured to insulate the hot first heat transfer fluid in the return portion from the relatively colder first heat transfer fluid in the supply portion of the primary heat exchanger. 
     
     
         4 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 3 , wherein the thermally insulated pipe is suspended within the shell of the primary heat exchanger via a plurality of centralizers, the centralizers positioned within the shell of the primary heat exchanger such that the primary heat exchange fluid is in contact with the plurality of centralizers. 
     
     
         5 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 4 , wherein the plurality of centralizers are connected to an outer surface of the thermally insulated pipe and are not connected to an inner surface of the shell. 
     
     
         6 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 3 , wherein the thermally insulated return pipe has a first end located near a bottom portion of shell of the supply portion and a second end connected to the secondary heat exchanger, and wherein the first end of the thermally insulated return pipe is closed and comprises a plurality of perforations therein to allow the first heat transfer fluid to flow from the supply portion into the thermally insulated return pipe. 
     
     
         7 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises a well casing, the casing comprising a plurality of casing segments positioned within the well. 
     
     
         8 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 7 , wherein the plurality of centralizers are connected to an inner surface of the casing at junctions between the casing segments. 
     
     
         9 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger is supported within the well by a cement or grout having high thermal conductivity. 
     
     
         10 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger is supported within the well by a plurality of support collars. 
     
     
         11 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the primary heat exchanger is suspended at or near the surface of the earth or the sea floor. 
     
     
         12 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the heat carrier comprises a thermally conductive material inserted between an outer surface of the primary heat exchanger and an inner surface of the wall. 
     
     
         13 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the heat carrier is a brine flowable within the geothermal formation. 
     
     
         14 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 10 , wherein each of the plurality of support collars comprise a first and second end, wherein the first ends of the plurality of support collars are securely connected to an inner wall of the well, and wherein the second ends of the plurality of support collars contact an outer shell of the primary heat exchanger plurality at a point higher in the well than the corresponding first ends of the plurality of support collars. 
     
     
         15 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 14 , wherein the plurality of support collars support the outer shell of the primary heat exchanger at a position above the bottom of the well. 
     
     
         16 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 14 , wherein the plurality of support collars are positioned within the well such that the plurality of support collars are in contact with the heat carrier in the geothermal formation, and the heat carrier is able to flow around the plurality of support collars to contact the primary heat exchanger. 
     
     
         17 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises an anti-scaling coating on a well-facing surface of the shell, the coating comprising a very smooth non-metallic material which prevents an ionic bonding site from forming, thus preventing scale formation and also inhibiting corrosion. 
     
     
         18 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises an anti-scaling coating on a well-facing surface of the shell, the coating comprising a non-metal material, such as carbon or boron applied via chemical vapor deposition or vapor deposition alloying. 
     
     
         19 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises an anti-scaling coating on a well-facing surface of the shell, the coating comprising an amorphous carbon material that has significant amounts of sp a  hybridized carbon to retard both corrosion and scaling. 
     
     
         20 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises an anti-scaling coating on a well-facing surface of the shell, the coating comprising carbon nitride, boron nitride, to prevent or minimize scaling and corrosion. 
     
     
         21 . The geothermal energy system of  claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises an anti-scaling coating on a well-facing surface of the shell, the coating comprising highly thermally conductive ceramics which resist scaling and corrosion 
     
     
         22 . A method of generating electricity using geothermal energy comprising:
 moving a first heat transfer fluid into a primary heat exchanger positioned within a well, the well in contact with a geothermal feature and a heat carrier within the geothermal formation;   absorbing, in the first heat transfer fluid, heat from the heat carrier in the well;   moving the first heat transfer fluid out of the primary heat exchanger and out of the well and into a secondary heat exchanger;   transferring heat from the first heat transfer fluid to the second heat transfer fluid within the secondary heat exchanger, vaporizing the secondary heat transfer fluid in the secondary heat exchanger;   flowing the vaporized secondary heat transfer fluid into a turbine, the turbine connected to an electrical generator and the vaporized secondary heat transfer fluid moving the turbine; and   generating electricity in the electrical generator using the movement of the turbine.   
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein moving the first heat transfer fluid into the primary heat exchanger comprises:
 moving the first heat transfer fluid down a supply portion of the primary heat exchanger; and   contacting, with the first heat transfer fluid, a shell of the primary heat exchanger and a surface of a return pipe disposed concentrically within the shell of the primary heat exchanger.   
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein moving the first heat transfer fluid out of the primary heat exchanger and out of the well comprises flowing the primary heat transfer fluid through a return pipe disposed concentrically within a shell of a supply portion of the primary heat exchanger, wherein the return pipe is thermally insulated to minimize heat transfer between the primary heat transfer fluid within the return pipe and the primary heat transfer fluid in the supply portion of the primary heat exchanger. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the primary heat exchanger within the well is supported via a thermal cement or grout having high thermal conductivity. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the primary heat exchanger is supported within the well via a plurality of support collars. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 26 , further comprising flowing the heat carrier between an inner surface of the well and the outer surface of the primary heat exchanger, and around the plurality of support collars. 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 22 , further comprising:
 inserting the primary heat exchanger into the well, the primary heat exchanger having a plurality of support collars attached thereto, the first end of each of the plurality of support collars being moveably attached to an outer surface of the primary heat exchanger, and a second end of each of the plurality of support collars being temporarily connected to the outer surface of the primary heat exchanger via a degrading connection; and   degrading the temporary connection such that the second end of each of the plurality of support collars extends to contact an inner surface of the well.   
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 22 , wherein the well comprises a casing extending only along a portion of the well, the method further comprising:
 drilling, using an under reamer, a portion of the well where the casing does not extend to increase the diameter of the well; and   positioning the primary heat exchanger in the portion of the well having the increased diameter.   
     
     
         30 . A heat exchanger for use in a geothermal application comprising:
 a casing disposed within a well, having an anti-scaling and/or anti-corrosion layer thereon configured to contain a heat transfer fluid, the casing forming a shell to hold a heat transfer fluid;   a plurality of support collars disposed within the well, the plurality of support collars supporting the casing within the well, the plurality of support collars disposed at a generally upward angle from an inner surface of the well toward the casing;   a return pipe disposed co-axially within the cylindrical shell, wherein the arrangement of the casing and the return pipe form an annulus between the return pipe and the cylindrical shell, the inner volume of the return pipe being thermally insulated from the annulus;   a plurality of centralizers disposed within the annulus, each of the plurality of centralizers comprising a first end and a second end, the first end of the plurality of centralizers connected to an inner surface of the shell and the second ends of the plurality of centralizers connected to an outer surface of the return pipe, the centralizers having a low profile to minimize hydraulic resistance to flow within the annulus; and   wherein the plurality of support collars are configured to allow flow of a heat carrier between the inner surface of the well and the casing.