Fuel additive systems, compositions, and methods.

Abstract

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to fuel additives and methods for reducing a NOx produced by combusting a liquid fuel, the method comprising combining the liquid fuel and an additive, forming an enriched combustible fuel composition, wherein the additive comprises at least one compound according to Formula I, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of HO, EtO, PrO, BuO, i-PrO, and t-BuO; R2 is selected from the group consisting of (C═O)R3, C1-18 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl alcohol, C2-18 monounsaturated alkyl, and C1-18 polyunsaturated alkyl; and R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl alcohol, C2-18 monounsaturated alkyl, and C1-18 polyunsaturated alkyl, wherein each stereoisomer is selected from the group consisting of E, Z, R, and S, and wherein combusting the enriched combustible fuel would produce an exhaust gas comprising from about 2% to about 98% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone.

1 . A method for reducing a NOx produced by combusting a liquid fuel, the method comprising:
 combining the liquid fuel and an additive to form an enriched combustible fuel composition,   wherein the liquid fuel is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, biodiesel, and combinations thereof,   wherein the additive comprises at least one compound according to Formula I:
   R 1 -R 2   (I)
 
 wherein: 
 R 1  is selected from the group consisting of HO, EtO, PrO, BuO, i-PrO, and t-BuO; 
 R 2  is (C═O)R 3 ; and 
 R 3  is selected from the group consisting of C 1-18  alkyl, C 1-6  alkyl alcohol, C 2-18  monounsaturated alkyl, and C 4-18  polyunsaturated alkyl, 
 wherein each stereoisomer is selected from the group consisting of E, Z, R, S, and a combination thereof, 
   wherein combusting the enriched combustible fuel produces an exhaust gas comprising from about 2% to about 98% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone,   wherein the liquid fuel comprises at least one of a jet fuel, a diesel fuel, a gasoline, a naphtha, an ethanol, a coal tar, a liquefied petroleum gas, a compressed natural gas, and a butanol, and   wherein the jet fuel comprises at least one of aviation turbine fuel, Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet A-2, Jet A-3, Jet A-4, Jet A-5, Jet A-6, Jet A-7, Jet A-8, Jet B, Jet Propellant-4, Jet Propellant-5, Jet Propellant-7, and Jet Propellant-8.   
     
     
         2 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the additive is (a) about 7% (w/v), by volume of the enriched combustible fuel, (b) about 14% (w/v), by volume of the enriched combustible fuel, (c) about 21% (w/v), by volume of the enriched combustible fuel, or (d) about 28% (w/v), by volume of the enriched combustible fuel. 
     
     
         3 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the exhaust gas comprises (a) from about 2% to about 20% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone, (b) from about 2% to about 10% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone, or (c) from about 2% to about 5% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone. 
     
     
         4 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises less than about 1050 ppm NOx. 
     
     
         5 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises from about 10% to about 50% of the carbon monoxide produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone. 
     
     
         6 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises less than about 120 ppm of carbon monoxide. 
     
     
         7 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises from about 0% to about 35% of the sulfur dioxide produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone. 
     
     
         8 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises less than about 30 ppm sulfur dioxide. 
     
     
         9 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein a temperature of the exhaust gas is less than about 700° F. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein a temperature of the exhaust gas is from about 85% to about 95% of a temperature produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1 , wherein an opacity of the exhaust gas is less than about 0.05%. 
     
     
         12 . A method of reducing a NOx produced by combusting a combustible fuel composition in a combustion engine comprising at least one combustion chamber and at least one exhaust port, the method comprising:
 (a) contacting each combustion engine chamber with the combustible fuel composition, the combustible fuel composition comprising:
 (i) a liquid fuel selected from the group consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbons, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, biodiesel, and combinations thereof; and 
 (ii) an additive comprising at least one compound having a structure according to Formula I:
   R 1 -R 2   (I)
 
 
 wherein: 
 R 1  is selected from the group consisting of HO, EtO, PrO, BuO, i-PrO, and t-BuO; 
 R 2  is (C═O)R 3 ; and 
 R 3  is selected from the group consisting of C 1-18  alkyl, C 1-6  alkyl alcohol, C 2-18  monounsaturated alkyl, and C 4-18  polyunsaturated alkyl, 
 wherein each stereoisomer is selected from the group consisting of E, Z, R, S, and a combination thereof, 
 wherein the liquid fuel comprises at least one of a jet fuel, a diesel fuel, a gasoline, a naphtha, an ethanol, a coal tar, a liquefied petroleum gas, a compressed natural gas, and a butanol, and 
 wherein the jet fuel comprises at least one of aviation turbine fuel, Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet A-2, Jet A-3, Jet A-4, Jet A-5, Jet A-6, Jet A-7, Jet A-8, Jet B, Jet Propellant-4, Jet Propellant-5, Jet Propellant-7, and Jet Propellant-8, 
   (b) combusting the combustible fuel composition to produce an exhaust gas; and   (c) venting at least a portion of the exhaust gas,   
       wherein the exhaust gas includes at the exhaust port up from about 2% to about 98% of the NOx in a reference exhaust gas produced by combusting the same combustible fuel composition that lacks the additive. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the concentration of the additive is (a) about 7% (w/v), by volume of the enriched combustible fuel, (b) about 14% (w/v), by volume of the enriched combustible fuel, (c) about 21% (w/v), by volume of the enriched combustible fuel, or (d) about 28% (w/v), by volume of the enriched combustible fuel. 
     
     
         14 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the exhaust gas comprises (a) from about 2% to about 20% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone, (b) from about 2% to about 10% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone, or (c) from about 2% to about 5% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone. 
     
     
         15 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises less than about 1050 ppm NOx. of carbon monoxide. 
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises from about 10% to about 50% of the carbon monoxide produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises less than about 120 ppm of carbon monoxide. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises from about 0% to about 35% of the sulfur dioxide produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone. 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein the exhaust gas further comprises less than about 30 ppm sulfur dioxide. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein a temperature of the exhaust gas is less than about 700° F. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein a temperature of the exhaust gas is from about 85% to about 95% of a temperature produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 12 , wherein an opacity of the exhaust gas is less than about 0.05%.