Energy storage device having thin current collector

Abstract

Improvements in the structural components and physical characteristics of lithium battery articles are provided. Standard lithium ion batteries, for example, are prone to certain phenomena related to short circuiting and have experienced high temperature occurrences and ultimate firing as a result. Structural concerns with battery components have been found to contribute to such problems. Improvements provided herein include the utilization of thin metallized current collectors (aluminum and/or copper, as examples), high shrinkage rate materials, materials that become nonconductive upon exposure to high temperatures, and combinations thereof. Such improvements accord the ability to withstand certain imperfections (dendrites, unexpected electrical surges, etc.) within the target lithium battery through provision of ostensibly an internal fuse within the subject lithium batteries themselves that prevents undesirable high temperature results from short circuits. Battery articles and methods of use thereof including such improvements are also encompassed within this disclosure.

1 . An energy storage device comprising at least one metallized substrate with a coating of an ion storage material, a counterelectrode, a separator component, a package material including an electrical contact component, wherein said electrical contact includes a portion present internally within said package material and a portion present external to said package material, and at least one liquid electrolyte, wherein said energy storage device is manufactured through the steps of:
 a. providing said electrode having at least one metallized substrate with a coating of an ion storage material;   b. providing said counterelectrode;   c. layering said electrode and said counterelectrode opposite each other with said separator component interposed between said electrode and said counterelectrode;   d. providing said package material including said electrical contact component;   e. electrically connecting said electrical contact with said at least one metallized substrate to form an electrical connection between said electrical contact and said at least one metallized substrate;   f. introducing said at least one liquid electrolyte wherein ions thereof are present internally within said package material; and   g. sealing said package material.   
     
     
         2 . The device of  claim 1  wherein said energy storage device is a lithium ion battery. 
     
     
         3 . The device of  claim 1  wherein said at least one metallized substrate is a current collector comprising a film with at least one metal coating, said current collector exhibiting a total thickness less than 20 microns. 
     
     
         4 . The device of  claim 3  wherein said metal coating comprises a transition metal. 
     
     
         5 . The device of  claim 4  wherein said transition metal is copper or aluminum. 
     
     
         6 . The device of  claim 3  wherein said current collector exhibits a total areal density of less than 50 grams/m 2 . 
     
     
         7 . The device of  claim 1  wherein at least one side of said at least one metallized substrate exhibits a resistance of more than 5 mOhm/square and less than 1 Ohm/square and the thickness of said metal coating is less than 5 microns. 
     
     
         8 . The device of  claim 1  wherein said separator component does not break when exposed to a shrinkage test as described in NASA TM-2010-216099 section 3.5 below 200° C. and exhibits a shrinkage rate of less than 10% before 200° C. 
     
     
         9 . The device of  claim 1  wherein said at least one liquid electrolyte comprises organic solvents. 
     
     
         10 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said separator is of a polymeric, ceramic, or nonwoven structure. 
     
     
         11 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said ion storage material is coated on both sides of said at least one metallized substrate. 
     
     
         12 . The method of  claim 1  wherein said electrical connection between said electrical contact and said at least one metallized substrate has a surface area greater than 1 square millimeter. 
     
     
         13 . The method of  claim 6  wherein said separator is of a polymeric, ceramic, or nonwoven structure.