Systems and methods for treating contaminated solid material

Abstract

Disclosed are systems and methods for treating contaminated material. The material is heated by nonconductive and nonconvective heating in a vacuum chamber such that the surface of the material is heated without significant heating of the air within the chamber. The surface of the material is heated to at least a volatilization temperature of the contaminants or to a decomposition temperature of one or more compounds in intimate contact with the contaminants, so that the concentration of contaminants in the material is reduced. Exhaust is removed from the chamber and cooled. A solids and/or liquids collector removes condensed solids and/or liquids and has a gas outlet connected to a vacuum pump.

What is claimed is: 
     
         1 . A system for treating a solid material contaminated with one or more contaminants, comprising:
 a. a vacuum chamber for receiving and containing the solid material;   b. an energy source for applying nonconductive and nonconvective heating to a surface of the material in the vacuum chamber without significant heating of the air within the vacuum chamber to reduce a concentration of the one or more contaminants in the solid material;   c. an exhaust line for removing an exhaust comprising a gas from the vacuum chamber;   d. a condenser connected to the exhaust line for cooling the exhaust removed from the vacuum chamber;   e. a solids and/or liquids collector connected to the condenser by a first conduit for removing condensed solids and/or liquids, the solids and/or liquids collector having a gas outlet; and   f. a vacuum pump connected to the gas outlet by a second conduit.   
     
     
         2 . The system of  claim 1  wherein the one or more contaminants comprise mercury, asbestos, lead, silicon, selenium, tellurium, cadmium, perfluoroalkyl substances, polyfluoroalkyl substances, and/or naturally occurring radioactive material. 
     
     
         3 . The system of  claim 1  wherein the solid material is selected from the group consisting of soil, sediment, sludge, spent catalyst, spent absorbents, ceramics, metal particles, metal objects, sheet metal, granulated solid material, binder agglomerated material, sheet material, crystalline material, amorphous material, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         4 . The system of  claim 1  wherein the energy source is selected from the group consisting of an electron beam, a laser, an induction heater, a microwave generator, a radio frequency heater, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         5 . The system of  claim 1  wherein the energy source is an electron beam with an energy between 0.3 and 50 MeV 
     
     
         6 . The system of  claim 1  wherein the energy source is an electron beam with an energy between 3 and 10 MeV. 
     
     
         7 . The system of  claim 1  wherein the vacuum chamber comprises a means for agitating the solid material in the vacuum chamber selected from the group consisting of a mechanical mixer, a mechanical vibrator, a mechanical agitator and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         8 . The system of  claim 1  further comprising a pressure monitoring device for monitoring pressure in the second conduit between the vacuum pump and the gas outlet of the solids and/or liquids collector. 
     
     
         9 . The system of  claim 1  further comprising a baghouse filter connected downstream of the condenser for removing airborne particulate matter from exhaust leaving the condenser. 
     
     
         10 . The system of  claim 1  further comprising a wet caustic scrubber connected downstream of the condenser for removing acid gas components and aerosols from exhaust leaving the condenser and a wastewater treatment unit connected to the wet caustic scrubber for receiving and treating wastewater removed from exhaust leaving the condenser. 
     
     
         11 . The system of  claim 1  further comprising an absorbent and/or cryogenic treatment unit connected downstream of the condenser for removing mercury and organic carbon vapors from exhaust leaving the condenser. 
     
     
         12 . The system of  claim 1  further comprising a stack connected downstream of the condenser for venting gas. 
     
     
         13 . The system of  claim 1  further comprising a conveyor belt for continuously passing the solid material through the vacuum chamber. 
     
     
         14 . The system of  claim 1  wherein the exhaust further comprises fine liquid droplets and/or fine solid particulate matter. 
     
     
         15 . A method for treating a solid material contaminated with one or more contaminants, comprising:
 a. feeding the solid material to a chamber in communication with a vacuum pump connected to the chamber by an exhaust line for removing an exhaust comprising a gas from the chamber;   b. applying nonconductive and nonconvective heating to a surface of the solid material in the chamber to raise the temperature of the surface of the solid material to at least a volatilization temperature or a decomposition temperature of the one or more contaminants or to a decomposition temperature of one or more compounds in intimate contact with the one or more contaminants without significant heating of the air within the chamber, thereby releasing the one or more contaminants to a gas phase and reducing a concentration of the one or more contaminants in the solid material;   c. removing an exhaust comprising a gas from the chamber using an exhaust line connected to the chamber;   d. cooling the exhaust removed from the chamber in a condenser connected to the exhaust line; and   e. collecting solids and/or liquids in a solids and/or liquids collector connected to the condenser by a first conduit for removing condensed solids and/or liquids containing the one or more contaminants and/or decomposition products of decomposed compounds, the solids and/or liquids collector having a gas outlet wherein the vacuum pump is connected to the gas outlet by a second conduit.   
     
     
         16 . The method of  claim 15  wherein step (b) is conducted in less than 10 seconds. 
     
     
         17 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the one or more contaminants comprise mercury, asbestos, lead, silicon, selenium, tellurium, cadmium, perfluoroalkyl substances, polyfluoroalkyl substances, and/or naturally occurring radioactive material. 
     
     
         18 . The method of  claim 17  wherein the one or more contaminants comprises mercury and during step (b), the mercury is vaporized and the mercury is captured in the collected liquids and/or solids during step (d). 
     
     
         19 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the solid material is selected from the group consisting of soil, sediment, sludge, spent catalyst, spent absorbents, ceramics, metal particles, metal objects, sheet metal, granulated solid material, binder agglomerated material, sheet material, crystalline material, amorphous material, and combinations thereof. 
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the solid material comprises particles having a diameter of 2.0 in or less. 
     
     
         21 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the surface of the solid material that is heated has a thickness of from 0.3 μm to 1 cm. 
     
     
         22 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the volatilization temperature of the one or more contaminants or the decomposition temperature of the one or more compounds is at least 200° C. 
     
     
         23 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the volatilization temperature of the one or more contaminants or the decomposition temperature of the one or more compounds is from 200 to 1000° C. 
     
     
         24 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the nonconductive and nonconvective heating is effected by an energy source selected from the group consisting of an electron beam, a laser, an induction heater, a microwave generator, and/or a radio frequency heater. 
     
     
         25 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the nonconductive and nonconvective heating is effected by an electron beam with an energy of from 0.3 to 50 MeV. 
     
     
         26 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the nonconductive and nonconvective heating is effected by an electron beam with an energy of from 3 to 10 MeV. 
     
     
         27 . The method of  claim 15  further comprising agitating the solid material in the chamber during step (b). 
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 15  further comprising monitoring pressure in the second conduit between the vacuum pump and the gas outlet. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 28  further comprising, in case the pressure is higher than desired, controlling the vacuum pump and/or automatically shutting down the method to reduce the pressure. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 15  wherein the solid material is fed to the chamber and removed from the chamber continuously. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 15  further comprising removing dust from gas leaving the condenser using a baghouse filter connected downstream of the condenser. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 15  further comprising removing acid gas components from gas leaving the condenser using a wet caustic scrubber connected downstream of the condenser and receiving and treating wastewater removed from gas leaving the condenser in a wastewater treatment unit connected to the wet caustic scrubber. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 15  further comprising removing mercury vapors from gas leaving the condenser using an absorbent and/or cryogenic treatment unit connected downstream of the condenser.