Method of cleaning used dialysis fluid using electrodialysis and urea oxidation

Abstract

A method of cleaning used dialysis fluid having urea to produce a cleaned dialysis fluid, the method including passing the used dialysis fluid having urea through a combination electrodialysis and urea oxidation cell, the cell including (i) a first set of electrodes for separation of the used dialysis fluid having urea into an acid stream and a basic stream, wherein the first set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode; (ii) one or more second set of electrodes positioned to contact the basic stream with an electrocatalytic surface for decomposition of urea via electrooxidation, wherein the one or more second set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode; and (iii) at least one power source to provide the first and second sets of electrodes with an electrical charge to activate the electrocatalytic surface.

1 . An electrodialysis and urea oxidation device comprising:
 a first set of electrodes that are electrically charged to separate the dialysis fluid having urea into an acid stream and a basic stream, wherein the first set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode;   one or more second set of electrodes positioned to contact the basic stream with an electrocatalytic surface for decomposition of urea via electrooxidation, wherein the one or more second set of electrodes include an anode and a cathode, and wherein the electrocatalytic surface is electrically charged for activation and is present on the anode of the one or more second set of electrodes; and   at least one power source configured to electrically charge the first and second sets of electrodes.   
     
     
         2 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , which includes a first cell including the first bipolar membrane, a first ion exchange membrane, and a second ion exchange membrane, wherein the first ion exchange membrane is positioned next to one side of the first bipolar membrane and the second ion exchange membrane is positioned next to an opposite side of the first bipolar membrane, thereby forming a first compartment between the first bipolar membrane and the first ion exchange membrane and a second compartment between the first bipolar membrane and the second ion exchange membrane, and wherein the one or more second set of electrodes is positioned in the first compartment. 
     
     
         3 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 2 , wherein the first ion exchange membrane is an anion exchange membrane or a cation exchange membrane. 
     
     
         4 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 2 , wherein the second ion exchange membrane is an anion exchange membrane or a cation exchange membrane. 
     
     
         5 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 2 , which further comprises a second cell including a second bipolar membrane and a third ion exchange membrane, wherein the second cell is positioned next to the first cell, and wherein the second bipolar membrane is positioned between the second ion exchange membrane of the first cell and the third ion exchange membrane, thereby forming a third compartment between the second bipolar membrane and the third ion exchange membrane, and wherein one or more third set of electrodes having one or more anode including an electrocatalytic surface for decomposition of urea via electrooxidation is positioned between the second ion exchange membrane and the second bipolar membrane. 
     
     
         6 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 5 , wherein the first, second, and third ion exchange membranes are cation exchange membranes or the first, second, and third ion exchange membranes are anion exchange membranes. 
     
     
         7 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , which further includes a second bipolar membrane, a first ion exchange membrane, and a second ion exchange membrane, wherein the first ion exchange membrane and the second ion exchange membrane are positioned between the first bipolar membrane and the second bipolar membrane, thereby forming a first compartment between the first bipolar membrane and the first ion exchange membrane, a second compartment between the first ion exchange membrane and the second ion exchange membrane, and a third compartment between the second ion exchange membrane and the second bipolar membrane. 
     
     
         8 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 7 , wherein the first ion exchange membrane is a cation exchange membrane and the second ion exchange membrane is an anion exchange membrane. 
     
     
         9 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , which is configured to operate with the dialysis fluid being a salt solution. 
     
     
         10 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , which is configured to operate with the dialysis fluid having one or more salts selected from the group consisting of: a sodium salt, a magnesium salt, a calcium salt, a lactate salt, a carbonate salt, a acetate salt, a citrate salt, or a phosphate salt. 
     
     
         11 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , which includes a tank for the dialysis fluid containing urea. 
     
     
         12 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , which is configured to operate with the basic stream having NaOH. 
     
     
         13 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , which is configured to operate with the acid stream having HCl. 
     
     
         14 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , wherein the anodes of the set of second electrodes comprise a transition metal and/or mixtures thereof and/or alloys thereof. 
     
     
         15 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 14 , wherein the transition metal includes cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, or rhodium. 
     
     
         16 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 14 , wherein the anodes of the set of second electrodes include nickel, nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide or nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH). 
     
     
         17 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device method of  claim 1 , which includes a tank for cleansed dialysis fluid. 
     
     
         18 . The electrodialysis and urea oxidation device of  claim 1 , which is configured to apply a voltage difference across the cathodes and the anodes in the second set of electrodes sufficient to produce nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, and water. 
     
     
         19 . A method of performing a renal replacement therapy, the method comprising:
 contacting a used dialysis fluid with a first set of electrodes including an anode and a cathode to separate the used dialysis fluid into an acid stream and a basic stream;   contacting the basic stream with one or more second set of electrodes including an electrocatalytic surface to decompose urea of the used dialysis fluid via electrooxidation, wherein the one or more second set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode, and wherein the electrocatalytic surface is present on the anode of the one or more second set of electrodes; and   electrically charging the first and the second sets of electrodes to activate the electrocatalytic surface.   
     
     
         20 . The method of  claim 19 , further comprising applying a voltage difference across the cathode and the anode in the one or more second set of electrodes sufficient to produce nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas, and water. 
     
     
         21 . A method of performing a renal replacement therapy, the method comprising:
 contacting a used dialysis fluid with a first set of electrodes including an anode and a cathode to separate the used dialysis fluid into an acid stream and a basic stream;   contacting the basic stream with one or more second set of electrodes including an electrocatalytic surface to decompose urea of the used dialysis fluid via electrooxidation to produce an oxidized basic stream, wherein the one or more second set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode, and wherein the electrocatalytic surface is present on the anode of the one or more second set of electrodes;   electrically charging the first and the second sets of electrodes to activate the electrocatalytic surface; and   placing the acid stream in fluid communication with the oxidized basic stream to neutralize pH of the cleaned dialysis fluid.   
     
     
         22 . A hemodialysis system comprising:
 a blood circuit and a dialysis fluid circuit, wherein the dialysis fluid circuit is in fluid communication with a combination electrodialysis and urea oxidation cell, the combination electrodialysis and urea oxidation cell comprising:
 a first set of electrodes for separation of dialysis fluid having urea into an acid stream and a basic stream, wherein the first set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode; 
 one or more second set of electrodes positioned to contact the basic stream with an electrocatalytic surface for decomposition of urea via electrooxidation, wherein the one or more second set of electrodes includes an anode and a cathode, and wherein the electrocatalytic surface is present on the anode of the one or more second set of electrodes; and 
 at least one power source to provide the first and second set of electrodes with an electrical charge to activate the electrocatalytic surface. 
   
     
     
         23 . The hemodialysis system of  claim 22 , further comprising at least one of a controller, a pump, a valve, a pH sensor, and/or a flowmeter.