Method and apparatus for determining markers of health by analysis of blood

Abstract

Biomarkers of high blood pressure are measured to identify high blood pressure of the subject based on one or more biomarkers. In many embodiments, the response of the biomarker to blood pressure occurs over the course of at least an hour, such that the high blood pressure identification is based on a cumulative effect of physiology of the subject over a period of time. The methods and apparatus of identifying high blood pressure with biomarkers have the advantage of providing improved treatment of the subject, as the identified biomarker can be related to an effect of the high blood pressure on the subject, such as a biomarker corresponding to central blood pressure. The sample can be subjected to increases in one or more of pressure or temperatures, and changes in the blood sample measured over time.

1 .- 26 . (canceled) 
     
     
         27 . A method of identifying a change in an amount of a spectral marker from blood of a subject, the method comprising:
 providing a blood sample into a capillary tube;   passing a first beam of light through the capillary tube and through the blood sample at a first time;   detecting the first beam of light to obtain a first spectral pattern comprising a spectral band of frequencies;   determining, by measuring the spectral band of frequencies from the first spectral pattern, a first spectral marker measurement indicating a first amount of the spectral marker;   separating the blood sample in the capillary tube by gravimetric separation into a plurality of blood components, wherein the plurality of blood components comprises the spectral marker;   passing a second beam of light through the capillary tube and through at least one of the plurality of blood components at a second time;   detecting the second beam of light to obtain a second spectral pattern comprising the spectral band of frequencies corresponding to the spectral marker;   determining, by measuring the spectral band of frequencies from the second spectral pattern, a second spectral marker measurement indicating a second amount of the spectral marker; and   determining the change in the amount of the spectral marker in response to the first spectral marker measurement and the second spectral marker measurement by correlating changes in the blood sample as exhibited in changes between the first and second patterns.   
     
     
         28 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the capillary tube is heparinized. 
     
     
         29 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the blood sample provided into the capillary tube is drawn from an external surface of a finger of the subject. 
     
     
         30 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein separating the blood sample into the plurality of blood components comprises separating the blood sample into one or more of a serum component, a plasma component, a cellular component, a red blood cell component, a white blood cell component, or a platelet component. 
     
     
         31 . The method of  claim 27 , further comprising pressurizing the capillary tube to pressurize the blood sample in the capillary tube. 
     
     
         32 . The method of  claim 31 , further comprising pressurizing the capillary tube to a first pressure before obtaining the first spectral marker measurement and pressurizing the capillary tube to a second pressure higher than the first pressure before obtaining the second spectral marker measurement to cause denaturation of components of the blood sample. 
     
     
         33 . The method of  claim 32 , wherein determining the change in the amount of the spectral marker is further based on comparing the first and second spectral marker measurements to one or more temporal denaturation profiles of the spectral marker developed from prior pressurization measurements. 
     
     
         34 . The method of  claim 27 , further comprising heating the blood sample in the capillary tube before one or more of the first or second spectral marker measurements is obtained. 
     
     
         35 . The method of  claim 27 , further comprising cooling the blood sample in the capillary tube before one or more of the first or second spectral marker measurements is obtained. 
     
     
         36 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein one or more of the first or second spectral marker measurements is obtained with transmission spectroscopy. 
     
     
         37 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the first spectral marker measurement is obtained through a first measurement channel by placing the capillary tube on a first optical measuring surface, the second spectral marker measurement is obtained through a second measurement channel by placing the capillary tube on a second optical measuring surface, and the first optical measuring surface comprises a different optical measuring surface than the second optical measuring surface. 
     
     
         38 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein one or more of the first or second beams of light comprises an infrared or near-infrared light beam. 
     
     
         39 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein one or more of the first or second amounts of the spectral marker indicates one or more of a presence, or absence of the spectral marker. 
     
     
         40 . The method of  claim 27 , further comprising identifying a blood component corresponding to the spectral marker in response to one or more of the first or second spectral patterns. 
     
     
         41 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the second time is after the first time such that the first and second spectral patterns comprise a time series of spectra. 
     
     
         42 . The method of  claim 41 , further comprising identifying a blood component corresponding to the spectral marker in response to the time series of spectra. 
     
     
         43 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the spectral marker corresponds to one or more of adenosine triphosphate, or, one or more transmembrane proteins, one or more proteins of a membrane skeleton, one or more lipids of a red blood cell membrane, a relative ratio of the one or more lipids of the red blood cell membrane, or biomaterial deposited on a surface of the red blood cell membrane. 
     
     
         44 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the spectral marker corresponds to one or more of a protein, a lipid, a high density lipoprotein, a low density lipoprotein, membrane protein, a transmembrane protein, or a spectrin network, and wherein spectra of the spectral marker comprise one or more of an Amide I peak, an Amide II peak, a Carboxylate peak, or an Amide III band. 
     
     
         45 . The method of  claim 44 , further comprising:
 analyzing the first and second spectral patterns to identify one or more of the Amide I peak, the Amide II peak, the Carboxylate peak, or the Amide III band; and   identifying a blood component corresponding to the spectral marker in response to the analysis.   
     
     
         46 . The method of  claim 27 , wherein the spectral marker comprises a combination of spectral components. 
     
     
         47 . The method of  claim 46 , wherein the first spectral marker measurement corresponds to a first combination of the spectral components measured at a first time and the second spectral marker measurement corresponds to a second combination of the spectral components measured at a second time.